Post on 13-Mar-2018
www.beautiful-basements.co.uk
Construction
Technology 3
Assignment 2: Basement Construction
Dr. Patrick Tang, School of Architecture and the Built Environment
Michael Dernee
C3089219
Abstract:
In the brief for the basement, there is the potential for rapid expansion. The Amazon highway is very close and
noise pollution could affect the building’s potential. Therefore the basement will be as low as possible allowing
noise pollution to travel over the proposed building. Techniques will ensure that the least amount of energy
will be needed to create the building and that the materials used will be long lasting to create not only an
environmentally sustainable building but a physically sustainable building that will stand for many years.
Appendix:
Title Page ........................................................................................................ i
Abstract ........................................................................................................ ii
Appendix ........................................................................................................ iii
Physical ........................................................................................................ 1
• Use ........................................................................................................ 1
• Location ........................................................................................................ 1
• Volume (horizontal) .......................................................................................... 1
• Clear site ........................................................................................................ 1
• Volume (vertical) .......................................................................................... 1
• Type of soil ........................................................................................................ 2
• Water table ........................................................................................................ 2
• Disposal ........................................................................................................ 2
Mechanical ...................................................................................................................... 3
• Fixed ........................................................................................................ 3
• Moving ........................................................................................................ 3
• Transport system .......................................................................................... 4
• Excavation lateral support system ........................................................................... 5
• Ground water control .......................................................................................... 6
• Foundation .......................................................................................... 7
� Shallow foundation ........................................................................... 7
� Deep footings ........................................................................... 7
• Basement construction method ........................................................................... 8
• Slab .......................................................................................... 8
• Waterproof membrane ............................................................................ 9
• Drainage .......................................................................................... 10
• Columns .......................................................................................... 11
• Suspended slab .......................................................................................... 12
Cost analysis ........................................................................................................ 13
Pictorial explanation .......................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 17
Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 18
Physical:
• Use
� Basement allocation: the use of the basement will be for car parking, to help shoppers of the
centre above (assignment two) for maximum shoppers.
• Location
� Streetscape: the streetscape of the building will be on Davidson Road, Hill Street and Amazon
Highway, where the ground level will be two metres below Amazon Highway to remove some of
the sound of the highway, whilst still advertising that there are shops there.
� Entrance: the location of the entrance will be on Davidson Road (shown in site plan). The reason
for this is it is a more open location where an entrance would be.
� Exit: the location of the exit will be on Olive Street (shown in site plan). The reason for this is a
quiet street for easy exiting to the road.
� Basement location: the basement will take up the whole area to allow for the highest amount of
parking spaces; there will be a two metre inwards perimeter of the site, so that in construction
the pathway can still be used.
• Clear site
� Clearing vegetation: 9 trees, 3 trees under 500mm, 6 trees 500/1000mm.
� Removal of trees: cost estimates, 500mm less $162 each, 500-1000 $162 each. Therefore total
cost would accumulate to $1488.
• Volume (horizontal)
� Basement size: 2,900,000mm2
� Building floor area: 2,900,000mm2
• Volume (vertical)
� Depth: the depth of the basement will not go further than +56m from sea level (5 metres in
depth)
� Amount of excavation: 14,911m3
� Cost of excavation: the cost of excavation of soft rock is $65.40m3
• Type of soil
� Reactive ability: there will be a combination of Made Ground : Very stiff (compacted) ashy sandy
clay with brick and tile rubble and fine to coarse gravel, Medium dense becoming dense grey fine
to coarse angular to sub rounded flint gravel with cobbles, and a trace of sand.
� Compressive strength: the soils are closely dense, such that a foundation will need to be
reinforced but will only have to be a shallow one.
• Water table
� Height: The water table does not go higher than +45m from sea level (16m in depth) and
therefore there is no need to worry about the water level and the use of a water pump, yet still a
need for waterproofing.
• Disposal
� Type: as there is no known location of the site or local disposal areas, this cannot be answered,
but as shown in the mechanical disposal section (page) many different combinations can occur. It
can be used as infill for another site.
� Distance: it is unknown.
Mechanical:
• Fixed:
Name Picture Volume (V) Load (L) /
hour (H)
V x L / H Suited conditions Price
Shovel face
farm4.static.flickr.com
0.3 – 6m3 80 24 – 480m
3 Soil below or level and
forwards
N/A (was not in
the Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Backhoe
excavators101.com
0.1 – 1.8m3 40 4 - 72m
3 Soil above dug down and
backwards
N/A (was not in
the Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Clamshell,
grab
kensdiecastconstructionmodels.com
0.8 - 6m3 45 36 - 270m
3 Soil deep below (even
vertical) picked up
N/A (was not in
the Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Dragline
www.nkmz.com
0.3 - 3m3 55 16 - 165m
3 Coal Mines N/A (was not in
the Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Summary: For the site and its contours as the basement will be dug from the east to the west the best fixed
excavator would be the shovel face.
• Moving:
Picture Depth Distance Action Price
Bulldozer
classroomclipart.com
400mm 100m Moving top soil and spreading the
earth, flattening the land
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons Australian
construction handbook
2010)
Loader
coalcliff.com
1000mm 200m Shallow excavation, slope excavation,
loading material to transport system
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons Australian
construction handbook
2010)
Scrapers
fhwa.dot.gov
150 –
300mm
3000m Collecting material, hauling it and
discharging it, usually used in road
construction.
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons Australian
construction handbook
2010)
Summary: as the site is not very big the scraper is not useful, a combination of the loader and bulldozer would
be the best was to move the material and load it onto the transport system.
• Transport System:
Transport
Systems
Picture Distance Suited Conditions Price
Dump trucks
elph.com.au
0.8km – 10km Close proximity removal,
small to medium sized jobs
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Conveyor
motorsandbearingsconcept.com
1km – 5km Medium proximity
removal, large sized jobs
high longevity
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Rail
northernrockiesrisingtide.files.wordpress.com/
5km – 100km Far proximity removal,
huge sized jobs, higher
longevity
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Summary: as the location is unknown, there is no way to find out where the closest place is to relocate the soil,
but just from the site plan the location is built up so the use of a conveyor belt is not the way to go. A
combination of a dump truck and rail may need to be used if the relocating area is far away. But if close the
use of only a dump truck would be a better option.
• Excavation lateral support system:
Method Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Suitability Price
Sheet pile:
permanent
geelongadvertiser.com.au
Interlocking prefabricated
steel piles that form a wall
that is continuous and
permanent
Light weight,
adaptable, high
resistance to
tensile stresses
Boulder
obstruction,
vibration,
noise
pollution,
water
seepage, cost,
professional
needed.
Harbour quays,
restriction of
water acting as a
cofferdam
$54,750
Sheet pile:
Temporary
Interlocking prefabricated
steel piles that form a
temporary wall
Can be reused,
adaptable
Temporary
restriction of
water (cofferdam)
to allow a
basement
construction,
piers and houses
that have a high
water table
$41,000
Soldier pile
merelaconsultants.com
Vertical steel H sections
with horizontal timber
lagging that sit in-between
or behind
Low cost, fast
and easy to
construct
Susceptible to
the
movement of
ground.
Most suitable
when the wall is
above the water
table, with free
draining soils.
N/A (was not
in the
Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook
2010)
Bored pile:
continuous
sbe.napier.ac.uk
Soldier piles that are
repeated to create a wall
Stiff walls, good
in confined site
space, minimal
vibration, low
noise, flexible
plan, avoids
excessive
excavation, can
be used as
footings
Slow, vertical
joinery is
difficult, low
reinforcement
Soldier piles are
used mainly as
they are cheap
and don’t disturb
the surroundings
as much as other
walls
$8,200
Bored pile:
tangent
Continuous bore piles that
meet at their tangential
axis
$14,300
Bored Pile:
interlocking
Continuous bore piles that
have in their gap
secondary piles that are
unreinforced weak
concrete mix
$21,000
Bored pile:
secant
Continuous bore piles
where the primary piles
are the unreinforced piles
and the secondary piles
are reinforced
$23,700
Diaphragm
itm-ltd.com
A trench that is filled with
slurry to prevent a
collapse when reaching its
depth reinforcement is
lowered and the concrete
displaces the slurry
Impermeable,
can be used as
the facade,
flexible, little
noise, deep
work, lack of
joints, can be
used as footings
Expensive,
large area
needed
Good for water
tight needing
areas, top down
construction,
used in very
unstable soils
$69,000
Soil Nailing
coastalcaisson.com
Inserting near horizontal
steel bars into ground and
grouting over to stabilise
the soil
Cheap, light
machinery, little
noise, less rigid
layout needed
Soil loss, only
for shallow
depths
Stabilize slopes or
excavations.
N/A (was not
in the
Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook
2010)
Summary of Excavation lateral support systems:
Sheet pile:
permanent
Sheet pile:
temporary
Soldier
pile
Bored pile:
contiguous
Bored pile:
tangent
Bored Pile:
interlocking
Bored pile:
secant
Diaphragm Soil
Nailing
Permanent
structural
concrete wall
formed in one
operation ahead
of excavation
x x x x x x
Substantially
watertight wall
preventing draw
down to
groundwater
x x
Ability to deal
with obstructions
economically
x x x x x x
Vertically better
than 1:200 with
little overbreak
x x x x x x x x
Lack of
vibration/noise
x
Temporary gaps
left in wall to
allow service
diversions
x x
Vertical loads can
be permanently
carried
x x x x x
Summary: Due to the soil, the usefulness of how close it can get to the boundary and the use of it as a wall
after excavation the diaphragm wall will be used. The diaphragm wall is also long lasting and therefore
sustainable compared to the other methods that have to be replaced and fixed
• Ground Water Control: As the basement will not go deeper than 12.3 m there is no need to use any
water pump during excavation.
Summary: There is no need for ground water control during the excavation due to the depth of the building
not exceeding the water table.
• Foundation Construction method:
� Shallow foundation
Method Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Application price
Pad
2.bp.blogspot.com
A footing remote to broaden
a load.
Cheap, easy,
simple, little
materials used
Not good in
weak soils. Or
reactive soils
Hard soils, inert
soils
N/A (was not in
the Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Strip
lh5.ggpht.com
A footing that goes around
the perimeter of the ground
in a longitudinal direction
where the load is.
Strongest
shallow
foundation, can
be changed for
the different
soils
Not good on
highly reactive
soils, more
complicated
than the pad
footing
Medium soils to
hard soils (un
reinforced)
248 cum
(reinforced)
251cum
Raft
moladi.com
A single slab is poured with
the reinforcement and
footings all ready.
Lightweight,
both slab and
foundation
created at once
making it very
strong
Complicated
compared to the
pad footing, a
lot of time in
preparation has
to take place
Medium to
hard soils 240 cum
Summary: Strip footings will be used as they are the strongest shallow footings, with the depth of the footings
calculated by the engineer. As they are the strongest they will not need to be fixed or replaced and because of
that it is quite sustainable. They will also be reinforced.
� Deep footings
Method Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Application
Piled (bedrock)
www.pile-
driving.com
The pile reaches
solid bedrock and
can put all the
weight on the
bedrock.
Most solid
foundation possible
Sometimes may
need to go very
deep to uncover
bedrock
Soft, reactive clays
and soils
Piled (Friction)
bored-
piles.com
The pile does not
reach any ground
and has to use the
friction around to
allow the building to
stand.
Strongest
foundation in
locations without
bedrock
Complicated, many
calculations need to
be done and a lot of
testing on the soil
needed to ensure
the footings will
hold
Soft, reactive clays
and soils with no
bedrock
Caissons
kshitija.files.wordpress.com
Hollowed hole
where concrete can
be poured into
More quiet than the
other two deep
footings.
Time taken to make Soft, reactive clays
and soils, where
heavy machinery
cannot be used
Summary: There is no need for deep footing as the soil below is quite stable.
• Basement construction method:
Method Open-cut Vertical cut Top-down
Picture
brhgarver.com
simplex-foundations.co.uk
personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/pl.html
Size of site Very large open site Small sized open site Large sized site
Site environment Unobstructed Adaptable to most environments Adaptable to most complex
environments
Protection Simplest protection Complex lateral support
required
Limited shoring support where
required
Special provision Not much Not much Temporary vertical
Soil removal Using ramp Staged platform or ramp Vertical shaft bucket or bucket
Summary: Due to the use of the diaphragm wall, there are two choices, the vertical cut or the top down. The
vertical cut is more suited for the site and will therefore be used as it is not a big site.
• Slab
Type Picture Description Strength Price
Concrete (in situ)
undergroundconstruction.ie
150mm thick, poured
concrete into a mould
The strength can change
with the additives used
and the reinforcement
used. For such a site no
real additives need to be
used as there are no
large stresses upon the
slab. But normal
additives like super
plasticizers to allow for
higher workability
concrete and pozzolans
that increase the
strength of the concrete
will be used to help with
strength and curing time
161.00 sqm
Precast Concrete
www.megaprefab.com
150mm thick, concrete
that is set off site and
relocated to site.
100-120 sqm
Summary: Both ways of creating a slab are strong, but because there are retaining walls that the slab has to fit
into, in situ concrete will be used as it can chemically bond to the diaphragm wall making everything
increasingly stronger.
• Waterproofing
Type Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Price
Liquid membrane
img.alibaba.com
A polymer liquid
that is painted on to
form an
impermeable barrier
Good for complex
structures
Cannot be used
under the slab
38m2
Bituminous paint
www.larsenbuildingproducts.com
A liquid that is
painted on to form
an impermeable
barrier
Good for complex
structures
Cannot be used
under the slab
12.4m2
Styrofoam
www.tru-guardwaterproofing.com
A solid polymer that
is solid and rigid that
forms an
impermeable barrier
Can be used under
the slab
Not as useful as the
other waterproof
membranes in
complex situations
22.4m2
Polymer membrane
imghost1.indiamart.com
A polymer that is
solid but not rigid
that forms an
impermeable barrier
Can be used for
complex structures.
Can be used under
the slab.
Time taken to set up
can take some time.
28.2m2
Summary: As the slab is in situ the use of a polymer membrane or a Styrofoam membrane is the most useful as
it can cover under the concrete. The polymer membrane will be used as it is better in difficult situations. It also
doesn’t have to be replaced unlike the bituminous paint so it will last a long time making it more sustainable.
• Drainage
Type Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Price
Tanking
www.gundle.co.za
Creating an
impermeable
barrier that doesn’t
allow water in but if
water does come in
it gets pumped out
Water table can be
above the
basement floor
Needs a pump,
makes noise
12-38m2
Cavity drainage
oxfordbasements.co.uk
Drainage that
allows a gap in the
membrane to a
drainage channel.
Un noticeable gaps Water table has to
be below basement
Has to have a
flooring unit above
the concrete, where
the car park won’t
need it
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Exterior foundation
drain
www.wvdhsem.gov
Drainage that uses
an exterior system
to drain away
Most effective way
of draining, that is
quick
Water table has to
be below basement
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Summary: The use of the exterior foundation drain will be installed as the water table is 11m lower than the
lowest point of the basement. The exterior foundation drain is also the quickest diffuse way of relocating
water.
• Columns
Type Picture Description Strength Price
Reinforced Concrete
(in situ)
www.betoonelement.ee
200mm in diameter, with rebar
reinforcement.
Very strong 201.00 sqm
Reinforced Precast
Concrete
www.emarateurope.ae
300X300 cast off site and
delivered ready to lock into
place
Very strong 490.00 sqm
Steel
www.brisbanehouseraising.com.au
150X150 cast offsite,
lightweight yet has no great
compressive strength
Medium 247.00 sqm
Timber
thepostandbeam.files.wordpress.com
Oregon wood 100X100. Not
long lasting compared to the
concrete
Weak 35.80 sqm
Brickwork
img.archiexpo.com
350X230 although a strong
column it takes a long time to
make.
Strong 57.70 sqm
Summary: Concrete will be used as columns in this building being long lasting, as the timber and steel do
corrode over time and the brickwork takes too long to make. The reason for in situ concrete is it can
chemically join to the base plate making it a stronger bond
• Suspended slab
Type Picture Description Strength Price
Concrete (in situ)
undergroundconstruction.ie
150mm thick, poured
concrete into a mould
The strength can change
with the additives used
and the reinforcement
used. For such a site no
real additives need to be
used as there are no
large stresses upon the
slab. But normal
additives like super
plasticizers to allow for
higher workability
concrete and pozzolans
that increase the
strength of the concrete
will be used to help with
strength and curing time.
161.00 sqm
Precast Concrete
www.megaprefab.com
150mm thick, concrete
that is set off site and
relocated to site.
100-120 sqm
Summary: Precast concrete will be used as it will be easier to install and it is a lot easier for the precast
concrete to be designed to create a waffle design making the slab lighter.
Cost Analysis:
Area of cost Product Unit Price per
unit
Amount of
products
Price Cumulative
price
Earth moving:
clearing the
site
Tree >500mm Per tree $162 3 $496 $496
Tree
1000>500mm
Per tree $162 6 $992 $1488
Retaining wall Diaphragm wall Per m2
$420 165.1m2
$69000 $70488
Soil
excavation
Excavation of soil
for basement
Per m2
$65.4 14,911m3
$975,179 $1,045,667
Footing Strip footings Per m2
$248 570m2
$141,360 $1,187,027
Waterproofing Polymer
membrane
Per m2
$28.2 2,900 m2
$81,780 $1,268,807
Drainage Exterior
Foundation Drain
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Slab In situ Reinforced
concrete
Per m2
$161 2,900m2
$466,900 $1,735,707
Columns Reinforced in situ
concrete
Per m2
$201 2,900m2
$609,000 $2,344,707
Suspended
Slab
Precast
reinforced waffle
designed slab
Per m2
$120 2,900m2
$348,000 $2,692,707
Pictorial Explanation:
Process Description Perspective Plan
1. Analysis Entrance, exit, site
size, orientation
2. Retaining
wall
Install guide wall,
excavate trench,
install rebar,
check verticality,
pour concrete
3. Excavation Vertically cutting
the soil to open
up the site
4. Set up Set up and install
footings, install
waterproof
membrane,
drainage installed
and rebar
5. Ground Slab Pouring the slab
onto set up
6. Columns Set up and
pouring columns
into place
Conclusion:
A diaphragm wall will be set up and the site will be open cut by shovel faces and backhoes then bulldozers will
flatten it out. It is still unknown how or where the soil will be transported but will most likely be done by a
dump truck. There is no need for ground water control due to the low water table and the footings will be strip
due to their strength and ability to work around the site. The slab will be in situ concrete with additives like
pozzolans and super plasticizers to increase strength and for higher workability. To waterproof the basement a
polymer membrane will be below the slab, with the retaining wall also being impermeable. Yet if any water
does come in exterior fountain drains will allow the water to go into the ground as the water table is quite low.
In situ concrete columns will hold up the precast concrete slabs that are suspended and will be the base of the
ground floor that is two metres below the highway to diffuse the sound.
Bibliography:
Book:
• Rawlinson's Australian construction handbook, Perth, W.A. 2010: House Publishing
• Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts Building design and construction handbook, USA, 1994:
McGraw-Hill Professional Publi
• R.A. Johnson Water-resisting basement construction - A Guide: Safeguarding New And Existing
Basements Against Water And Dampness , Great Brittan, 1995: Construction Industry Research and
Information Association
• Barry, R. (2001) The Construction of Buildings (Vol 4), 5th Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Internet:
• http://www.basementconstruction.com.au/Retention%20Systems.html
• http://www.dincelconstructionsystem.com/documents/BasementConstruction.pdf
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement
Lectures:
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 1: Introduction to the course 9/3/10
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 2: Basement Construction 16/3/10
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 3: Foundation Construction 23/3/10
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 4: Specification and Cost Estimation 30/3/10
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 5: Concrete Technology 1 6/4/10