College Bio. Chapters 35-40

HUMAN SYSTEMS

Organization of Life

Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Types of Tissue Epithelial

Glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces

Connective Provides support and connects parts I.E. Bone, Cartilage, Blood

Muscle Enables body to move I.E. Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac

Nervous Send/Receives impulses

Homeostasis Internal conditions are kept constant

despite changes in external conditions Feedback Inhibition (Negative)

Stimulus produces response that opposes the original stimulus

Conditions that require frequent monitoring and adjustment

Positive Feedback Stimulus enhances the original stimulus Conditions that don’t require frequent

monitoring Can be destructive; create disorders

Integumentary System Purpose

Regulate body temperature, Vitamin D Protection Immunity, Excretion, Sensation

Membranes within system 4 different types of membranes

serous, synovial, mucous, cutaneous

Circulatory System

Purpose Circulate oxygen and nutrients to

tissues and to remove waste products Organs

Heart Blood vessels Blood

Heart

Respiratory System Purpose

Exchange gases between the blood, air, and tissues

Organs Nose Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Bronchus Bronchioles Alveolis

Lymphatic System Purpose

Transport fluids Help destroy pathogens

Organs Capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunk Thymus Spleen

Immune System

Purpose To fight infection by providing immunity

Nonspecific defenses 1st line of defense (mechanical barriers) 2nd line of defense (chemical barriers)

Fever, inflammation, phagocytosis

Specific defenses Humoral immunity (antibodies) Cell-mediated immunity

Digestive System Purpose

To mechanically and chemically break down food

To absorb nutrients Organs

Mouth, salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small and Large intestines Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Anal canal

Excretory System

Purpose Remove waste Maintain homeostasis, blood pH Regulate blood volume

Organs Kidney Bladder Rectum Liver Skin & lungs

Endocrine System Purpose

To release products directly into the blood stream

Organs Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Pinal gland Thymus Gonads

Reproductive System

Purpose Produce and nurture sex cells Fertilization Secrete hormones Meiosis---23 chromosomes from mom

and 23 chromosomes from dad to form zygote

Skeletal System

Purpose Support and protect organs Aid in movement Stores minerals and aids in blood cell

formation General Information

206 bones in body Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Stores Calcium Carbonate/Phosphates

Types of Joints Immovable

Fibrous joints that are fixed Skull

Slightly Movable Cartilagenous joints with restricted movement Vertebrae

Freely Movable Synovial joints that allow movement in one or

more directions Ball & Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle Ligaments, synovial fluid, bursae

Muscular System Purpose

Movement Maintain Body temperature

Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal

Voluntary movement Striations

Smooth Involuntary movement No striations

Cardiac Only in heart Striated and involuntary movement

Muscle Contraction

Muscles are made of myofibrils which are made of filament

Myosin Thick filaments

Actin Thin filaments

Sarcomere Area from one z line to the next

Sliding-Filament Model ATP needed to shorten a sarcomere

Muscle Interactions Neuromuscular Junction

ACH is released and crosses synapse Calcium is released by impulse Contraction takes place

Tendons Attach muscle to bone and allow them to

work like a lever Prime mover and Synergist

Provides most of movement Helps out prime mover

Antagonist Resists prime movement Causes movement in opposite direction

Nervous System Purpose

Send, receive, interrupt signals Divisions of Nervous System

Central N.S. Meninges & Cerebrospinal fluid Spinal cord Brain

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem Diencephalon

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary & pineal glands Peripheral N.S.

Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Somatic Reflex Arc

Neuron Transmits impulses Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin

sheath (Schwaan cells), Nodes of Ranvier

Synapse

Area where two or more neurons are connected

Contains neurotransmitters

Nerve Impulse

Resting Potential Outside neuron- positive charge (Na) Inside neuron-negative charge (K)

Action Potential Stimulated by another neuron or by

environment Na moves into cell changing charge inside

Threshold Minimum level of stimulus needed to

activate a neuron All or none response