Collaboration, Competition and the Global Drivers of Research

Collaborative Research: Trends and Future Directions

Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, MD

30 March 2011Dr Andrew Plume

Associate Director – Scientometrics & Market Analysis. ElsevierDaniel Calto

Director of Business Development, Elsevier

2

$1,159B (USD PPP—2010

est.)

$409B (USD--1990)

Sources: Global R&D Magazine, Battelle (2010 estimates) http://www.rdmag.com/tags/publications/global-r-and-d-funding-forecast/ ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics (1990 actuals) www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/S&T/BulletinNo1EN.pdf

3

$2.5B (USD PPP—1990)

$33.3B (USD PPP—2010

est.)

4

$12.4B (USD PPP—1990)

$141.4B (USD PPP—2010

est.)

5

$101.9B (USD PPP—

1990)

$268.5B (USD PPP—

2010)

6

$152.0B (USD PPP—

1990)

$401.9B (USD PPP—

2010)

Average Annual Growth of R&D Expenditure for US, EU-27, Asia-8

7

Source: National Science Foundation

R&D Expenditures for US, EU, and Asia 1996-2007

8Source: National Science Foundation

High-technology manufacturing share of total manufacturing, by region/country: 1985–2005

Source: National Science Foundation

10

Global competition has increased dramatically

Countries ranked by published output in 2007

“Today the dominant position of the United States in the international

research and education community is being challenged as never before.”

-American Academy of Arts and Sciences

“Today the dominant position of the United States in the international

research and education community is being challenged as never before.”

-American Academy of Arts and Sciences

New global leaders are emerging

Countries ranked by output growth 1997-2007

Drivers of collaboration and competition

Collaboration Competition

FundingPersonal allegiances

Ideological, social and political forcesPublish or perish

Low-cost communication and travelPersonal gain

FundingPersonal antipathies

Ideological, social and political forcesPublish or perish

Drive for individual recognitionPersonal gain

14

Sharing in science

15

Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Major US Research Institutions

Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

16

Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Goddard Space Flight Center

Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

17

Having access to other researchers’ data

benefits/would benefit my own research

I am willing to allow other researchers to access my

raw research data

Significant difference between subset and total

Significant difference between 2005 and 2010 data

Author Reader dichotomy more want access than are willing to share

Total

Chemistry

Computer Science

Earth & Env Sciences

Engineering

Life Sciences

Materials Science

Maths

Medicine & Allied Health

Physics & Astronomy

SocSci + Arts Hum + Economics

Why scientists don’t share

There is one character trait . . . which is an intrinsic part of a scientist’s culture, and which the public image doesn’t often include: his extreme egocentricity, expressed chiefly in his overmastering desire for recognition by his peers. No other recognition matters. And that recognition comes in only one way. It doesn’t really matter who you are or whom you know. You may not even know those other scientists personally, but they know you—through your publications.

18

Scientists seek recognition for their work

Geneticists' Reasons for Withholding Post publication Information, Data, or Materials. Respondents who considered these motivating factors very important or important. 19

Why scientists don’t share

•3,222 authors•208 institutes•37 countries

20

Big Science and hypercollaboration

80%

21

International collaboration is rising globally

22

International collaboration is rising globally

23

International collaboration is rising globally

24

International collaboration increases citation impact

Numbers denote number of articles (thousands) in each subject area in 2008

25

International collaboration is field-dependent

US

UK

Japan

Germany

France

Italy

Netherlands

Canada

Switzerland

Belgium

2000: International collaboration is centered on a few hubs

Data Source: Scopus

US

UK

Japan

Germany

FranceItaly

Netherlands

Canada

Switzerland

Australia

Belgium

2008: International collaboration is centred on a few (more) hubs

Data Source: Scopus

28

Collaboration may reflect geopolitical networks

Data Source: Scopus

Collaboration may reflect shared history and language

Data Source: Scopus

30

Competition for research grants is increasing

What types of information tools can be used to increase collaboration and better understand patterns of both collaboration and competition?

31Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Project Detail

32Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Collaborator Network Detail

33Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Research Profile Detail

34Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities

35Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US and China national map

US National Map – Distinctive Competency # 548 -- Avian Wing Design in Aeronautic and Astronautic Engineering

36Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Distinctive Competency #548 – “Treemap” of components of interdisciplinary competency

37

Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Institutions

38

Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Authors

39

Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Countries

40

Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Distinctive Competency #64 – Space Research and Geophysics – Top Institutions

41

Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

42