Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

WELCOMING & OPENING REMARKS

Dr. Josette LewisWorld Food Center – UC Davis

Dr. Neli ProtaWageningen University and Research

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

ORGANIZERS

Josette LewisWorld Food Center

UC DavisMODERATOR

Neli ProtaCSA Booster

Wageningen URMODERATOR

Madeleine van Mansfeld

Wageningen UR

Amrith Gunasekara

CDFA

Gertjan FonkDutch Ministry of Economic Affairs

Josh EddyCDFA

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR HEALTHY SOILS

Dr. William HorwathUC Davis

Dr. Titia MulderWageningen University and Research

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES TO ADDRESS GHG MITIGATION AND CARBON

SEQUESTRATION

William R. HorwathDepartment of Land Air and Water Resources

University of California, Davis

CALIFORNIA-NETHERLANDS WEBINAR

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE: SOIL MANAGEMENT

FEBRUARY 14, 2017

Objectives• Mitigating N2O emissions in agriculture thru micro irrigation

practices

• Subsurface drip reduces N2O emissions

• Tomatoes• Dairy

• Assessment and potential for soil carbon sequestration opportunities• Sequestration rates optimistic• Where would the nitrogen come from to sequester soil

carbon?

Processing Tomatoes: Annual N2O EmissionsFertilizer Rate & Irrigation Effects

kg N

2O-N

ha-1

0

2

4

6

8Tomato (Furrow-irrigated)Oct 2009 - Sept 2010

0 75 162 225 300kg N ha-1 applied

180

SDI

kg N

2O-N

ha-1

0

2

4

6

8Tomato (Furrow-irrigated)Oct 2010 - Aug 2011

0 75 162 225 300kg N ha-1 applied

180

SDI

Crop N off-take: 150 to 230 kg N ha-1

Statistical significance

GWP in tomatoes as a function of cover crops and irrigation practice

FI= Furrow IrrigationSDI=Subsurface drip irrigationFallow= No cover cropTrit=TriticaleMixed=Legume/grass

• N2O emission < 1/3 total

Unpublished data; do not cite

0

Applying Dairy Manure Through Subsurface Drip versus Flood Irrigation Reduces N2O Emissions in Forage Production Systems

Unpublished data; do not cite

2015 2016

System Soil Irrigation Total

N20 Electricity Dieselkg CO2 eq. ha-1

SDI wheat 847 95 190 1130 (±260)SDI corn 180 575 190 942 (±50)Flood wheat 3530 99 190 3810 (±1520)Flood corn 1700 75 190 1960 (±280)

POTENTIAL OF US SOILS TO SEQUESTER C AND MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE

Ecosystem Land area* (Mha)

Rate (Mg C ha-1 y-1)

Total Potential (Tg C y-1)

Reference

Cropland 156.9 0.3-0.5 45-98 Lal et al. (1998)Grazing land 336.0 0.04-0.21 13-70 Follett et al. (2001)Forest land 236.1 0.11-0.43 25-102 Kimble et al. (2002)

Land conversion

16.8 0.125-0.46 21-77 Lal et al. (2003)

Soil restoration 498.4 0.05-0.12 25-60 Lal et al. (2003)

Other land use 166.0 0.09-0.15 12-25 Lal et al. (2003)

Total 144-432 (288) Lal et al. (2003)

4 PER THOUSAND INITIATIVE COP21

Total Pool = 825 Gt .... Batjes (1996)

= 850×0.4%= 3.6 Gt C/yr

Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool 0-40cm Depth

• 2,682 million hectares agricultural land globally in 2030 (FAO)• assume consistent indefinite management to sequester soil C• Including rangeland/pastures (5x ag area and plantation

forests 20% of ag area) would help in achieving goal

Assume:

What is possible on agricultural land:

4 per thousand

in 10 years

is 36 Gt C/ 10 yrLikely outcome

• Irrigation technologies: sub-surface drip irrigation improves yield, reduces N2O emissions and reduces GWP.

• Soil carbon sequestration to meet 4 per mille goal is optimistic

• Requires additional nitrogen input

• Climate warming could increase soil carbon priming and GHG

• Regardless of goal, any increase in soil carbon would be beneficial

SUMMARY

Thank you!

Soil carbon sequestration as a strategy for climate change mitigation4 per mille Initiative - Soils for Food Security and Climate

Dr. Ir. V.L. Mulder, Prof. B. Minasny, Dr. Ir. D. Arrouays

Climate-Smart Agriculture Webinar, 14 February 2017

Soil Geography and Landscape Group, Wageningen University

4 per mille Initiative for Food Security and climate

15Minasny et al., 2017. Soil carbon 4 per mille. Geoderma, 292, pp. 59-86

Wageningen UR & 4 per mille Climate Smart Agriculture, Sustainable Development Goals Wageningen UR has the scientific expertise and knowledge at

the process level on the behaviour of carbon and organic matter in soils

National and EU FP7 and H2020 research projects ● Soil carbon sequestration ● Soil degradation ● e.g. AnimalChange, SmartSoil, Catch-C and RECARE and iSQAPER.

Convey relevant messages and provide quantitative evidence Today: Identify where to conserve soil carbon stocks and

where soil carbon sequestration is most feasible and how easy a 40/00 can be achieved

16

Soil carbon 4 per mille (Minasny et al.,2017) Review assessment

● 20 regions of the world● Current SOC stock● Potentials and challenges for SOC sequestration

17Minasny et al., 2017. Soil carbon 4 per mille. Geoderma, 292, pp. 59-86

Potentials and challenges in implementing the 4 per mille Initiative

18

Country/region Potentials Challenges

Chile Afforesting degraded areas Conserving native forest and peatlands

Peatland conversionLimited cropping areas

Australia Large agricultural area Best management practices

Lack of waterZero or minimum tillage has been implemented almost 80%

Kenya Best management practicesLand restoration

ErosionRapid expansion of agricultural landsConverting marginal lands into agricultural landsLack of data

China Mainland Conservation tillage and straw returnBalanced fertilization

Lack of C sequestration data on subsoilNot all cropping areas are under best management practices

France SOC monitoringLand use changesBest management practices

High soil sealing rate due to urbanisation and infrastructures

Canada Best management practices Improving degraded land

Development and implementation of innovative practices

Russia Best management practices on croplandsConversion cropland to grasslands and forest

C loss through cultivation

ScotlandReducing peatland degradationForest and agricultural expansion

Large area of peatlandsExpansion of intensive agriculture

Minasny et al., 2017. Soil carbon 4 per mille. Geoderma, 292, pp. 59-86

Regeneration of our agricultural lands

TEDx Talks Grand Forks: Regeneration of Our Lands: A producer’s Perspective, by Gabe Brown https://youtu.be/QfTZ0rnowcc

19

Minasny et al., 2017. Soil carbon 4 per mille. Geoderma, 292, pp. 59-86

 If we consider 4 per mille in the top 1m of global agricultural soils, SOC sequestration is between 2-3 Gt C year− 1, which effectively offset 20–35% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

OutlookSoil carbon

sequestration can be the solution for mitigating

climate change

over the next ten to twenty years

20Potential interactions between scientists, farmers, policy makers, and marketeers engaged in implementation of soil C 4 per mille initiative (Minasny et al., 2017)

References

Minasny, B., McBratney, A.B., Angers, D.A., Arrouays, D., Chambers, A., Chen, Z.S., Cheng, K., Das, B., Gimona, A., Hedley, C., Hong, S.Y., Malone, B., Mandal., B., Marchant, B.P., Martin, M., McConkey, B.G., Mulder, V.L., Paustian, K., O’Rourke, S., Odeah, I., Padarian, I., Pan, G., Poggio, L., Savin, I., Stolbovoy, V., Stockmann, U., Sulaeman, Y., Tsui, C., Vagan, T, van Wesemael, B., Winowiecki, L. (2017). Soil Carbon, 4 per mille. Geoderma, (292), 59-86.

Mulder, V.L., Lacoste, M., Martin, M., Richer de Forges, A., Arrouays, D. (2016). National versus global modelling the 3D distribution of soil organic carbon in mainland France. Geoderma, (263), 16-34.

Mulder, V.L., Lacoste, M., Martin, M., Richer de Forges, A., Arrouays, D., (2015). Understanding large-extent controls of soil organic carbon storage in relation to soil depth and soil- landscape systems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29.

21

POLICY INITIATIVES AROUND HEALTHY SOILS

Dr. Geetika JoshiCDFA

Annet ZweepDutch Min of Economic Affairs and Min of Infrastructure and Environment

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

14 february 2017

Soil management in climate change

Annet ZweepDepartment of Agro and

Nature KnowledgeThe Netherlands

Need for sustainability: soil is the basis• Sustainable economy •Healthy food •Beautiful, vital landscape (biodiversity) •Climate adaptation and mitigation

03-05-2023

Agricultural soils• Soils and climate: biomasse production; carbon buffer; greenhouse gases• In NL major part is permanent grassland; arable land with high production: sandy soils to heavy clay; drained peatlands with special care

Farmer is the maintainer of his land: responsibility

Knowledge important tool for good soil management: information and tools for farmers

03-05-2023

Research a method to assess and realise policy• Several Public-private research programmes: from fundamental to get the results into practice • Soil is complex: more practical knowledge on organic matter, soil management and effect on greenhouse gasses• Organic matter plays central role for sustainable soils and climate change

03-05-2023

Important programme is PPS Better Soil management • Wijnand Sukkel (panellist webinar) and

Joeke Postma are coordinating.• Individual and integrated approach of soil

chemistry, physics and biology aspects • Measuring: important to measure and link

soil management to soil information.• Organic matter, carbon cycle: central role • Soil management and effect on

greenhouse gases is part of research

Webiste: www.beterbodembeheer.nl

03-05-2023

THE HEALTHY SOILS INITIATIVE AND PROGRAM

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE – HEALTHY SOILS WEBINARFEBRUARY 14, 2017

Contacts: Geetika Joshi*, Ph.D. (Senior Environmental Scientist Supervisor) Geetika.Joshi@cdfa.ca.gov Amrith Gunasekara. Ph.D. (Science Advisor to CDFA Secretary and Manager, Office of Environmental Farming and Innovation) Amrith.Gunasekara@cdfa.ca.gov

More than 400 agricultural commodities in California, including unique specialty crops.

California remained the No. 1 state in cash farm receipts in 2015, with $47 billion in revenue from 76,400 farms and ranchers (#1 for more than 50 years).

Some of the most fertile and diverse agricultural soils: soils are fundamental plant growing medium.

2015: United Nations declared International Year of Soils.

Meeting with Governor’s Office and administration on initiative; interagency meetings with several agencies and departments.

HEALTHY SOILS INITIATIVE

Image Source: USDA Cropscape - Cropland Data Layer

https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/HSInitiative.html

ACTIONS FOR THE HEALTHY SOILS INITIATIVE: INTERAGENCY AND STATE-FEDERAL PARTNERSHIPSActions:

Protect and restore soil organic matter in California’s soils. Identify sustainable and integrated financing opportunities to facilitate

healthy soils. Provide for research, education and technical support to facilitate healthy

soils. Increase governmental efficiencies to enhance soil health on public and

private lands. Promote interagency coordination and collaboration to support soils and

related state goals.Working with USDA-NRCS: USDA-NRCS provides funding through the

Environmental Quality Incentives Program to support conservation practices including soil health. Comet-Planner Tool: http://www.comet-planner.com/

Joint USDA-NRCS and CDFA Summit: Building Partnerships on Healthy Soil in Sacramento, CA on January 11, 2017.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPy5C5J1qjg&feature=youtu.be&rel=0

31

HEALTHY SOILS PROGRAM: OBJECTIVE AND FUNDING Objective: To build soil carbon and reduce agricultural GHG emissions through incentives.

$7.5 million to develop a new incentive and demonstration program on the CA Healthy Soils Initiative from the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.

Farmers and ranchers incentivized to implement practices such as compost application, no-till, cover-crops, etc., with quantification of greenhouse gas reductions (GHG) achieved by projects.

Demonstration projects for on-field GHG reductions through partnerships between ag operations/industry groups, academia and/or non-profit organizations, resource conservation districts.

Request for grant applications by May, awards by September 2017.

https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/

PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOIL HEALTH THROUGH PROPOSED INCENTIVES PROGRAM

Environmental Farming Act – Science Advisory Panel

Next Meeting: March 16, 2017

Sacramentohttps://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/efasap/

TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Winfried RaijmakersYara Benelux – N-Sensor®

Prof. Keith PaustianColorado State University – COMET-Farm tool

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

Carbon and greenhouse gas evaluation of conservation practicesCOMET-FarmTM and COMET-PlannerTM

www.comet-farm.com www.comet-planner.com

CA-Dutch Climate Smart Agriculture WebinarFebruary 14, 2017

Mark Easter, Amy Swan, Kevin Brown and Keith PaustianNatural Resource Ecology Laboratory & Dept. Soil and Crop SciencesColorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO

Adam ChambersNatural Resources Conservation ServiceEnvironmental Markets LeaderFort Collins, CO

COMET-Farm™ & COMET-Planner™Greenhouse Gases in Agriculture

The COMET Tools

Provide a Systems Approach

to full GHG Inventories and

Conservation

Scenario Analyses

Image courtesy of Amy Swan of the NREL at Colorado State University

COMET-Farm™ & COMET-Planner™ Calculation Methods

• Implements the peer-reviewed, USDA-sanctioned entity-level inventory methods. • Soil-related GHG emissions:

DayCent dynamic model, also used in the U.S. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory + additional empirical models.

• Livestock-related GHG emissions: statistical models based on USDA and university research, largely consistent with models used in the U.S. National Inventory.

• Energy-related GHG emissions: based on the models used in the USDA/NRCS Energy Tool along with supplemental peer-reviewed research results.

COMET-Farm™ How it works

EquationFactors,

USDA Methods,

IPCC

Historic Rotations

NRI, Cropping Practices Survey,CSRA

Climate & Soil

PRISM&

SSURGO

Web Interface

CSU Server

Empirical

Models

Outputs

Results

SpecificLocation

SpecificActivities

User inputs their unique Farm or Ranch management.

COMET-Farm Work Flow

COMET-Planner 2.0

1) Aligns GHG reduction estimates with COMET-Farm and the USDA entity-scale GHG inventory methods.

2) Improving the spatial resolution of estimates from the sub-national scale to multi-county regions.

3) Adding options for implementing various interpretations of Conservation Practice Standards.

COMET-Planner 2.0

Estimates resolved at the MRLA-scale

Webinar Climate Smart AgricultureN-Sensor in Netherlands

Winfried RaijmakersFeb. 14, 2017

Smart intensification

Webinar Challenges and Opportunities for Soil Management - 2017-02-14 42

Destroy more nature, or increase productivity ?http://yara.com/doc/221347_Yara_Climate-smart-agriculture_2015.pdf

Reducing Carbon Footprint

43

3.5 0.1 5.1

Precision farming is part of the solution !http://yara.com/doc/199057_ya_ed_bro_ANvsUREA_9-0-BD.pdfhttp://yara.com/products_services/fertilizers/pure_nutrient/the_carbon_footprint_of_fertilizers.aspx

Webinar Challenges and Opportunities for Soil Management - 2017-02-14

PRODUCTION TRANSPORT FARMING HARVEST CONSUMPTION CAPTURE

• Right Rate• Right Place• Right Time• Right Fertilizer

Yara Tools:• ImageIT® app• N-Tester• N-Sensor®

Smart Fertilization

44

Continuous crop monitoring for best N-efficiencyWebinar Challenges and Opportunities for Soil Management - 2017-02-14

Variable nitrogen application

45

N-application

N-strategy depends on crop, growth stage & situation.Farmer can always overrule.

N-uptake (kg N/ha)

N-r

ate

(kg

N/h

a)

Webinar Challenges and Opportunities for Soil Management - 2017-02-14

N-uptake

1. Simplicity: direct application, no clouds, no 3th parties

2. In control: manual overrule always possible

3. Proven technology: >15 yrs agronomic validation

4. Target farm: >150 ha potato & cereals

Why sensors don’t fly in Netherlands:5. ”Too expensive”: 20-35 k€ investment (= 15-30 €/ha)

6. ”Not ready”: research overkill: farmers can’t filter

7. ”Will get better”: don’t realize direct gain & updates

N-Sensor in practice

46Webinar Challenges and Opportunities for Soil Management - 2017-02-14

N-Sensor demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrixH9tFxoA 

Thank you

DISCUSSION PANEL

Wijnand SukkelWageningen UR

wijnand.sukkel@wur.nl

Wim de VriesWageningen URwim.devries@wur.nl

Cynthia CoryCalifornia Farm Bureau

ccory@CFBF.com

Gijs KunemanCLM

gkuneman@clm.nl

Judith RedmondFull Belly Farm

judith@fullbellyfarm.com

Geetika JoshiCDFA

Geetika.Joshi@cdfa.ca.gov

Winfried RaijmakersYara Benelux

winfried.raijmakers@yara.com

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

Annet ZweepMin EZ - Min I&M

A.T.Zweep@minez.nl

Titia MulderWageningen UR

titia.mulder@wur.nl

William HorwathUC Davis

wrhorwath@ucdavis.edu

Keith PaustianColorado State Uni

Keith.Paustian@colostate.edu

CLOSING REMARKS

Challenges and opportunities of Soil Management

Third webinar on CSA California – Netherlands

Dr. Josette LewisWorld Food Center – UC Davis

Dr. Neli ProtaWageningen University and Research