ClausesClausesIdentifying Identifying adjective, adjective,

adverb, and noun adverb, and noun clauses in a clauses in a sentence.sentence.

PHRASE VS. CLAUSEPHRASE VS. CLAUSE• A clause is a group of related words

containing a subject and a verb.

• It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does not include a subject and a verb relationship.

Independent clausesIndependent clauses A clause that can stand by itself and

still make sense. It can be its OWN sentence, or be part

of a larger one: Jerry wants to be the quarterback

this week. (simple sentence) Jerry wants to be the quarterback

this week, but Jimmy thinks he will be. (compound sentence)

IndependentIndependent clausesclauses• By a comma and little conjunction (and,

but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so).• By a semicolon, by itself.• By a semicolon accompanied by a

conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.).

And, of course, independent clauses are often not connected by punctuation at all but are separated by a period.

Subordinate clausesSubordinate clauses• A clause that cannot stand by itself. • It depends on something else, an

independent clause, for its meaning. • A subordinate clause trying to stand

by itself would be a sentence fragment.

• Subordinate clauses are sometimes called dependent clauses.

Subordinate clausesSubordinate clauses Examples:Examples:

While the kangaroo crossed the While the kangaroo crossed the roadroad, , the tourists stayed inside their cars.

The man who is coaching that teamwho is coaching that team is my father.

What the team needs nowWhat the team needs now is a championship!

Subordinate clauses can act as Subordinate clauses can act as adjectives, adverbs or nouns.adjectives, adverbs or nouns.

Using Commas with clausesUsing Commas with clausesTWO TYPES ~~~ Essential vs. NonessentialTWO TYPES ~~~ Essential vs. Nonessential Essential = necessary, no commasEssential = necessary, no commas Nonessential = extra info, use commasNonessential = extra info, use commas

Every player who hits a home runwho hits a home run receives a trophy. ( (Essential, no Essential, no commas)commas)

The players, , who vary in age from who vary in age from eight to twelveeight to twelve, , wear blue uniforms. . (Nonessential, set apart by commas)(Nonessential, set apart by commas)

Adjective ClauseAdjective ClauseSubordinate clauseSubordinate clauseModifies a Modifies a nounnoun or or pronounpronoun

Begins with a Begins with a relative relative pronounpronoun

Relative PronounsRelative PronounsWho/whoeverWho/whoeverWhom/whomeverWhom/whomeverwhosewhosewhichwhichWhat/whateverWhat/whatever thatthatwhere and when where and when (sometimes)(sometimes)

Adjective Clause examplesAdjective Clause examples Men Men who are in the cooking contestwho are in the cooking contest

should know how to make chili.should know how to make chili. Biology is the course Biology is the course that my uncle that my uncle

teachesteaches. .

Watch Out ~~ for the understood “that”!Watch Out ~~ for the understood “that”! Biology is the course Biology is the course my uncle teachesmy uncle teaches..

Adverb ClausesAdverb Clauses Subordinate clauseSubordinate clause Modifies a Modifies a verb, adverb or adjectiveverb, adverb or adjective Tells:Tells:

how, when, where, why, to what extent and under what condition.

Introduced by a Introduced by a subordinating subordinating conjunctionconjunction

Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctionsafterafter as thoughas though sincesince whenwhenalthoughalthough because because so thatso that wheneverwheneverasas beforebefore thanthan wherewhereas ifas if even thougheven though though though whereverwhereveras long as as long as ifif unlessunless whetherwhetheras soon as as soon as in order thatin order that until until whilewhile

** There is also a list in your packet.** There is also a list in your packet.

Adverb Clause examplesAdverb Clause examples

Because it was rainingBecause it was raining, we , we came inside. came inside. ((Intro. Adverb Clause - IAC))

We went to the football game We went to the football game after we ate dinnerafter we ate dinner. . ((Regular Order Adverb Clause-ROAC)

Noun ClausesNoun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate A noun clause is a subordinate

clause that functions as a noun.clause that functions as a noun.

It can do anything a noun can do:It can do anything a noun can do: Subject, Predicate Nominative, Subject, Predicate Nominative, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object of the Preposition.Object of the Preposition.

Noun ClausesNoun Clauses Words that introduce noun clauses are:Words that introduce noun clauses are:

How, if, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, why

Examples:Examples: The big question is whether he’ll finish

the marathon. Everyone knows that Tim runs at least a mile every day.

Don’t forget the position rules!Don’t forget the position rules!

If the clause If the clause beginsbegins the the sentence= sentence= Adverb or NounAdverb or Noun

If the clause follows a If the clause follows a nounnoun= = usually Adjectiveusually Adjective

If the clause follows the If the clause follows the verbverb= = Adverb or NounAdverb or Noun