Classifying Matter

Matter: substance that has mass and takes up space

Phase Volume Shape Structure

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

PLASMA

Draw an arrow next to the table above in the order of increasing energy.

Three States of Matter

Plasma

Water in Three States

Remember, because of the arrangement of the particlesliquid water is more dense than solid water (ice)

solid liquid gas

Phase Changes

Phase Diagrams

• phase diagram: graph that shows the relationship between phase of matter and the temperature and pressure of the substance.

• Used to identify boiling point/freezing point at any pressure

Liquid-gas phase changes:Liquid-solid phase changes:Solid-gas phase changes

Triple Point: where all three lines meet, a specific temperature and pressure where all three phases exist at the same time

Critical Point: a specific temperature and pressure where the gas can no longer be turned into a liquid, above this point a substance becomes a supercritical fluid

Occur at standard atmospheric pressure: 1 atm or 101.3 kPa To identify the normal boiling point of a substance: Locate

the line between liquid and gas, and identify the temperature at 101 kPa __________________

To identify the normal freezing point of a substance: Locate the line between liquid and solid, and identify the temperature at 101 kPa __________________

If it is a pure substance: There is a fixed composition There is a chemical formula

If it is a mixture: There is a varying composition It is combined physically It can be separated physically

The chemical formula shows only one type of atom

How do you know if something is a

compound?• The chemical formula shows two or more

elements combined

1. Homogenous mixture

– composition of the mixture is the same throughout.

2. Heterogeneous mixture

– composition is unevenly distributed throughout.

Examples: cookie dough ice cream, iron filings in sand

Examples: soda, KoolAid

Scattering of light beam caused by the reflection from suspended particle

If the light passes through the mixture with no visible beam, then the mixture is a SOLUTION

If a mixture settles out and blocks the light, then it is a SUSPENSION

If a mixture does not settle and shows a beam of light through it (positive tyndall effect), then it is a COLLOID

Uniformly MixedOne substance is dissolved in another

• solute: part of the mixture that gets dissolved• solvent: part of the mixture that does the dissolving

Tyndall Effect:

Particles settle out

Tyndall Effect:

Particles unevenly distributed throughoutShows a beam of light

Tyndall Effect:

Fog ____________ ___________

Paint ____________ _________

Syrup ____________ ___________

Draw particles on note sheet.

Physical means: it can be separated into its pure components.

magnet

Techniques:

Strainer

Filtration

Physical

Evaporation

Centrifuge

Distillation

PASTA/WATER SAND/IRON FILINGS

SALT /WATER

BLOOD FOOD COLORING/WATER

SAND/WATER

What is Petroleum?Pumped from undergroundKnown as crude oil or “black gold”Greenish-brown to black colorThin as water or thick as soft tarMade up of HYDROCARBONS

(compounds made of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms ONLY)

Can be separated using FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

The separation of liquid substances according to their differing boiling points is called distillation.

Distillation Animation

physical property: characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.

• melting point, boiling point, density

physical change: change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.

• dissolving, cutting, melting, and boiling

chemical property: a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances

Example: combustibility, reactivity

chemical change: change in which one or more substances are converted into different substance

Example: rusting, cooking food

1. Color change2. Temperature change3. Production of a gas4. Change in odor5. Formation of a precipitate

Precipitate: insoluble solid that separates out of solution

Solubility and Phase changes are PHYSICAL!!!!