Post on 06-May-2015
http://international.stockholm.se/-/web-in-web/Stadsledningskontoret/Welcome-to-Stockholm-and-the-first-European-Green-Capital-Conference/
October 20-22
International Conference on
Road dust –Health effects and abatement strategies
October 18-19, 2010No charge
www.slb.nu/roaddust
Stockholm not as clean as most slides indicate!
“Sweden and Slovenia did not submit requests for time extensions.As both Member States that had received a final warning in November 2009
continue to exceed the PM10 limit values, the Commission has decided to refer the cases to the European Court of Justice”
... actually Sweden to EU court...due to PM10 exceedances!
60 persons killed annually in traffic accidents
Death accidents in traffic in the county of Stockholm 2008
* Forsberg et al., Ambio, vol.,34, No. 1, 2005.
Particles from road traffic may cause
>400 prematuredeaths per year*
The Congestion Tax in StockholmEFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH
Christer JohanssonEnvironmental officer & Professor
Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm university
jan-05 jan-06 jan-07 jan-08
TrialJan-Jul
Re
fre
nd
um
Permanent
tax systemfrom Aug-2007
18 charging points…
� Automatic identification with cameras (license plates)
� Maximum amount per vehicle and day – 6 EURO (1-2 € per passage)
� Extended public transports
� More park-and-ride sites
� Essingeleden bypass is exempted (part of European route E4)
18 automatictoll stations
Toll vehicle registrations give high resolution fleet composition
Vehicle categories
• Personal cars• Light duty trucks• Heavy duty trucks• Buses
Vehicle information
• Model year• Weight• Reason for exemption
Time of day (weekdays)
Tax (In other currencies)
00:00 – 06:29 0 SEK
06:30 – 06:59 10 SEK ~ 1 EUR
07:00 – 07:29 15 SEK
07:30 – 08:29 20 SEK
08:30 – 08:59 15 SEK
09:00 – 15:29 10 SEK
15:30 – 15:59 15 SEK
16:00 – 17:29 20 SEK
17:30 – 17:59 15 SEK
18:00 – 18:29 10 SEK
18:30 – 23:59 0 SEK
Maximum amount per vehicle and day – 60 SEK - 6.3 EUR
23/06/2010 PAGE 11 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM
Less traffic within the zone…
-15%
Total: Pass. cars LCV HGV Buses
-15% -17% - 15% -8% +18%
Vehicle km within the zone, weekdays year 2005-2006:
Queueing time was reduced by one third in the morning and by half during afternoons
Changes in traffic
Estimated reduction of emissions…The inner-city, year 2006:
tons/year
%
Nitrogen oxides, NOx 45 -8,5
Carbon monoxide, CO 670 -14
Particles, PM10 total 21 -13
” ”wear” particles 19 -13
” ”exhaust” particles 1.8 -12
Hydrocarbons, VOC 110 -14
” benzene 3.4 -14
Carbon dioxide, CO2 38,000 -13
Inner-city: � ~8-14% reduction of
emissions (mainly due to less traffic)
� Less congestion:-2-3% for rush hours
� Extended bus traffic: more NOx
Air Quality - Nitrogen oxides, NOx…µg/m 3
Urban background~6% decrease
Street level~5-10% decrease
Increased levels
Decreased levels
~ 1-2% increase Essingeleden & Southern
Link tunnel~1-2% increase
Long term mortality risk:8 % per 10 µg/m3 higher NOx-conc. (Nafstad et al. 2004; Oslo*) - 0,23
µg/m 3
NOX population exposureindicator of traffic exhaust
Long term exposureeffect on population mortality
- 25 to 30 fewer premature deaths per year (1.44 million people)
- 206 years of life gained/100 000 people in 10 years.
Effects on mortality – “tip of the iceberg”*Nafstad, P., Haheim, L.L., Wisloff, T., Gram, F., Oftedal, B., Holme, I., et al., 2004. Environ Health Persp 112, 610–615.
PM10 & NO2 still exceeding limitsPM10 exceedings in Stockholm city
0 1 2 Kilometer 2004-03-01
Hornsgatan
Sveavägen
(90th percentile of daily mean values)
Studded tyres - wear of road surface
Daily vehicle passages
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
400 000
450 000
500 000
550 000
600 000
Passages
per
day
Total Cars HGV Buses Fuel excemptions
TRIAL PERMANENT
Reduced emission 2006-2008
NOx PM10 PMc PMe_
VOC CO CO2 CO2fossil
Increased public transport…
Number of people passing into and out of the city centre
+ 80 000 passages (10%)
Buses Under-ground
Local trains
Comm. trains
In total
Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles…Clean cars exempted from tax until Jan. 1st, 2009 (14 % of passages)
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
År
Per
sonb
ilar
i tra
fik
EtanolFordonsgasEl & elhybridBränslesnål diesel*Bränslesnål bensin*
3%
6%
9%
1%
Location of measurement stations
Mean conc.2005-2008
Weekdays6-19
No tax
With tax 36
101
Exempted bypass
Exempted bypass
NOx
CO
PM10
-------------------Inner city streets------------------
-------------------Inner city streets------------------
-------------------Inner city streets------------------
Revenues and surplus…
International attention
• The demonstrated success of road pricing.
“Other major cities around the world, including London, England and Stockholm, Sweden most recently, have reduced congestion and improved throughput almost immediately through the implementation of congestion pricing strategies.”
www.slb.nu/lvfReports
http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=183
Conclusions• Large traffic & emission reductions
• Efficient way of decreasing exposure to polluttion
• Expected big positive effects on health (long term effect on mortality)
• Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles
Thank you!
23/06/2010 PAGE 28 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM
Why we were awarded
• Climate combat• District heating• Clean cars• Congestion tax• Public transport• Clean water• Waste treatment• Recycling• Clean air• Green areas• Noise reduction Per cent (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Local contribution to global climate change (1)*
Local mobility and passenger transport (1)*
Availability of green areas open to the public (1)*
Quality of local ambient air (4)*
Noise pollution (1)*
Waste production and management (1)*
Water consumption (6)*
Waste water management (2)*
Sustainable management of the local authority (3)*
Sustainable land use (1)*
Dissimenation programme (2)*
Presentation (2)*
* Rating among the eight finalists