http://international.stockholm.se/-/web-in-web/Stadsledningskontoret/Welcome-to-Stockholm-and-the-first-European-Green-Capital-Conference/

October 20-22

International Conference on

Road dust –Health effects and abatement strategies

October 18-19, 2010No charge

www.slb.nu/roaddust

Stockholm not as clean as most slides indicate!

“Sweden and Slovenia did not submit requests for time extensions.As both Member States that had received a final warning in November 2009

continue to exceed the PM10 limit values, the Commission has decided to refer the cases to the European Court of Justice”

... actually Sweden to EU court...due to PM10 exceedances!

60 persons killed annually in traffic accidents

Death accidents in traffic in the county of Stockholm 2008

* Forsberg et al., Ambio, vol.,34, No. 1, 2005.

Particles from road traffic may cause

>400 prematuredeaths per year*

The Congestion Tax in StockholmEFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH

Christer JohanssonEnvironmental officer & Professor

Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm university

jan-05 jan-06 jan-07 jan-08

TrialJan-Jul

Re

fre

nd

um

Permanent

tax systemfrom Aug-2007

18 charging points…

� Automatic identification with cameras (license plates)

� Maximum amount per vehicle and day – 6 EURO (1-2 € per passage)

� Extended public transports

� More park-and-ride sites

� Essingeleden bypass is exempted (part of European route E4)

18 automatictoll stations

Toll vehicle registrations give high resolution fleet composition

Vehicle categories

• Personal cars• Light duty trucks• Heavy duty trucks• Buses

Vehicle information

• Model year• Weight• Reason for exemption

Time of day (weekdays)

Tax (In other currencies)

00:00 – 06:29 0 SEK

06:30 – 06:59 10 SEK ~ 1 EUR

07:00 – 07:29 15 SEK

07:30 – 08:29 20 SEK

08:30 – 08:59 15 SEK

09:00 – 15:29 10 SEK

15:30 – 15:59 15 SEK

16:00 – 17:29 20 SEK

17:30 – 17:59 15 SEK

18:00 – 18:29 10 SEK

18:30 – 23:59 0 SEK

Maximum amount per vehicle and day – 60 SEK - 6.3 EUR

23/06/2010 PAGE 11 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM

Less traffic within the zone…

-15%

Total: Pass. cars LCV HGV Buses

-15% -17% - 15% -8% +18%

Vehicle km within the zone, weekdays year 2005-2006:

Queueing time was reduced by one third in the morning and by half during afternoons

Changes in traffic

Estimated reduction of emissions…The inner-city, year 2006:

tons/year

%

Nitrogen oxides, NOx 45 -8,5

Carbon monoxide, CO 670 -14

Particles, PM10 total 21 -13

” ”wear” particles 19 -13

” ”exhaust” particles 1.8 -12

Hydrocarbons, VOC 110 -14

” benzene 3.4 -14

Carbon dioxide, CO2 38,000 -13

Inner-city: � ~8-14% reduction of

emissions (mainly due to less traffic)

� Less congestion:-2-3% for rush hours

� Extended bus traffic: more NOx

Air Quality - Nitrogen oxides, NOx…µg/m 3

Urban background~6% decrease

Street level~5-10% decrease

Increased levels

Decreased levels

~ 1-2% increase Essingeleden & Southern

Link tunnel~1-2% increase

Long term mortality risk:8 % per 10 µg/m3 higher NOx-conc. (Nafstad et al. 2004; Oslo*) - 0,23

µg/m 3

NOX population exposureindicator of traffic exhaust

Long term exposureeffect on population mortality

- 25 to 30 fewer premature deaths per year (1.44 million people)

- 206 years of life gained/100 000 people in 10 years.

Effects on mortality – “tip of the iceberg”*Nafstad, P., Haheim, L.L., Wisloff, T., Gram, F., Oftedal, B., Holme, I., et al., 2004. Environ Health Persp 112, 610–615.

PM10 & NO2 still exceeding limitsPM10 exceedings in Stockholm city

0 1 2 Kilometer 2004-03-01

Hornsgatan

Sveavägen

(90th percentile of daily mean values)

Studded tyres - wear of road surface

Daily vehicle passages

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000

450 000

500 000

550 000

600 000

Passages

per

day

Total Cars HGV Buses Fuel excemptions

TRIAL PERMANENT

Reduced emission 2006-2008

NOx PM10 PMc PMe_

VOC CO CO2 CO2fossil

Increased public transport…

Number of people passing into and out of the city centre

+ 80 000 passages (10%)

Buses Under-ground

Local trains

Comm. trains

In total

Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles…Clean cars exempted from tax until Jan. 1st, 2009 (14 % of passages)

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

År

Per

sonb

ilar

i tra

fik

EtanolFordonsgasEl & elhybridBränslesnål diesel*Bränslesnål bensin*

3%

6%

9%

1%

Location of measurement stations

Mean conc.2005-2008

Weekdays6-19

No tax

With tax 36

101

Exempted bypass

Exempted bypass

NOx

CO

PM10

-------------------Inner city streets------------------

-------------------Inner city streets------------------

-------------------Inner city streets------------------

Revenues and surplus…

International attention

• The demonstrated success of road pricing.

“Other major cities around the world, including London, England and Stockholm, Sweden most recently, have reduced congestion and improved throughput almost immediately through the implementation of congestion pricing strategies.”

www.slb.nu/lvfReports

http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=183

Conclusions• Large traffic & emission reductions

• Efficient way of decreasing exposure to polluttion

• Expected big positive effects on health (long term effect on mortality)

• Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles

Thank you!

23/06/2010 PAGE 28 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM

Why we were awarded

• Climate combat• District heating• Clean cars• Congestion tax• Public transport• Clean water• Waste treatment• Recycling• Clean air• Green areas• Noise reduction Per cent (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Local contribution to global climate change (1)*

Local mobility and passenger transport (1)*

Availability of green areas open to the public (1)*

Quality of local ambient air (4)*

Noise pollution (1)*

Waste production and management (1)*

Water consumption (6)*

Waste water management (2)*

Sustainable management of the local authority (3)*

Sustainable land use (1)*

Dissimenation programme (2)*

Presentation (2)*

* Rating among the eight finalists