Chapter 9

Key Ideas•

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The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.

-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion

The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.

Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)

Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)

“soul-shaking” conversion

Converted had a duty to spread the word about personal salvation evangelism

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

“The Benevolent Empire”1825 - 1846

“The Benevolent Empire”1825 - 1846

Second Great Awakening

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

• Philosophical and literary movement

• Emphasized

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• “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe

Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking

Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:

1.

2.

3.

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Henry DavidThoreau

Henry DavidThoreau

Nature(1832) Walden

(1854)

Resistance to Civil

Disobedience(1849)

Self-Reliance (1841)

“The American Scholar”

(1837)

The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda

• Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance

A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-

1864)

A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-

1864)

• One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables

Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

John Humphrey Noyes

(1811-1886)

Millenarianism the 2nd

coming of Christ had already occurred Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past• all residents

married to each other• carefully regulated “free love”

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Utopian Socialist

“Village of Cooperation”

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

Proposal by Owen

New Harmony in 1832

New Harmony, IN

New Harmony, IN

New Harmony lasted from 1825-1829

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

• Both the Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalist Movement led to the Abolitionist Movement

How to end slavery?

How to end slavery?

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement•Until 1820s most abolitionists advocated resettlement

•1816 created

Member certificate to American Colonization Society

“Here I have dwelt until I am nearly sixty years of age, and have brought up and educated a family…Yet some ingenious

gentlemen have recently discovered that I am still an African; that a continent three thousand miles, and more, from the place where I was born, is my native country. And I am advised to go home…Perhaps if I should only be set on the shore of that distant land, I should recognize all I might see there, and run at once to the old

hut where my forefathers lived a hundred years ago.”

Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

The LiberatorThe Liberator

Premiere issue January 1, 1831

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

Other White AbolitionistsOther White Abolitionists

Lewis Tappan

Arthur Tappan

James Birney

• Liberty Party• Ran for President

in 1840 & 1844

Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists

David Walker(1785-1830)

1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass published “The North Star”

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

The Narrative of Sojourner Truth

Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)

“Moses”

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad• “Conductor” ==== leader of the

escape

• “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves

• “Tracks” ==== routes

• “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves

• “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

Turner’s Rebellion

• • Led by Nat Turner• Virginia• 55-65 whites killed in the revolt• 200+ blacks killed

– 56 executed (including Turner)– 100-200 killed by militias and mobs

• Results:–

Slave Owners Defend Slavery

Penitentiary ReformPenitentiary Reform

Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)

1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY

R1-5/7

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

Frances WillardThe Beecher Family

1826 - American Temperance Society

“Demon Rum”!

R1-6

Annual Consumption of AlcoholAnnual Consumption of Alcohol

From the first glass to the grave, 1846

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

Educational ReformEducational Reform

Religious Training Secular Education

MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.

By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs

R3-6

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

Used religious parables to teach “American values”Teach middle class morality and respect for orderTeach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality,

hard work, sobriety) R3-8

Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women

Women EducatorsWomen Educators• Troy, NY Female Seminary• Curriculum: math, physics, history, geography• Train female teachers

Emma Willard(1787-1870)

Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

• 1837 • Mt. Holyoke (College)

•first college for women

Prudence Crandall(1803-1890)

• 1831•Opened school for girls

• 1834 •Opened school for African-American girls

“Separate Spheres” Concept

“Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of

Domesticity”• •

• An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society

Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké

• Southern Abolitionists• Ran a school for females

Lucy Stone

• American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.

• Edited Woman’s Journal

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it

London World Anti-Slavery Convention

female delegates denied right to attend convention

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848

Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

Industry Changes Work

• Production moved from home to factory– Cottage industry and artisans Factory

system

Farm to Factory

• Lowell workforce almost entirely unmarried farm girls– 90% of workers in 1828– 80% under age 30

• 1834 first strike at Lowell– 15% pay cut– Spindles and looms had been tripled, but workers only increased

50%– Workers returned, leaders fired

• 1836 second strike at Lowell– Boarding rates increased = 12.5% pay cut– Twice as many women went on strike– Company fired leaders– Most workers then returned to jobs

Workers Seek Better Conditions

• 1830s and 1840s– 1-2% of workers were unionized– Dozens of strikes

• Usually for higher wages/shorter workdays

– Workers usually lost• Strikebreakers hired

– Usually immigrants who had fled even greater poverty

Immigration

• 1830-1860 dramatic increase in immigration– Largest groups were

• •

– Faced discrimination