Post on 06-Mar-2018
S E C T I O N 1 : M A T T E R A N D E N E R G Y
S E C T I O N 2 : F L U I D S
S E C T I O N 3 : B E H A V I O R O F G A S E S
Chapter 3: States of Matter
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Key Terms
Plasma
Energy
Thermal Energy
Evaporation
Sublimation
Condensation
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Kinetic Energy
* All matter is made up of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles
* These tiny particles are always in motion. (High temp. equals faster movement)
* At the same temp, more massive particles move slower then less massive particles.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
The states of matter are physically different
Solids - particles are in a fixed position
Liquids - closely packed, but they can still slide past each other
Gases - particles are in a constant state of motion
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Solids have a definite shape and volume
Solids do not need a container to keep its shape
Particles in solids have almost no freedom to change position, but they vibrate.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Solids are divided into two categories
1. Crystalline - have an orderly arrangement of atoms or molecules
(Ex. Iron, diamonds, and ice)
2. Amorphous - composed of atoms or molecules that are in no particular order. Each particle is in a particular place, but the particles are not in an organized pattern.
(Ex. Wax and rubber)
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Liquids change shape, not volume
Liquids have a definite volume, but change shape.
Particles in a liquid move fast enough to over come the forces of attraction between them.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Besides volume, another property of a liquid is surface tension.
Surface tension is the force acting on the particles at the surface of a liquid that cause a liquid, such as water, to form spherical drops.
Gases are free to spread in all directions
Gases expand to fill the available space. They change both shape and volume.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
When gases are placed into a bottle, they are forced together. Once thy are released, they fill the available space.
Plasma is the most common states of matter.
Scientist estimate that 99% of the known matter is made up of plasma
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Plasma is the state of matter that does not have a definite shape and in which the particles have broken apart.
Plasma also conducts electric currents
Natural plasmas are found in lighting, fire, and aurora borealis.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
How is the glow of fluorescent lights caused?
By artificial plasma, which is formed by passing electric currents through gases.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Energy’s Role
Energy is the capacity to do work
Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of a substance
All matter is made up of particles (atoms and molecules) that are in constant motion
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms
At higher temperatures, particles of matter move faster. The more kinetic energy the greater the objects thermal energy.
Thermal energy also depends on the number of particles in a substance.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy
The more kinetic energy the higher the energy
Since particles of matter are in constant motion, and not all particles are moving at the same speed, you measure the average kinetic energy.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Energy and Change of State
A change of state is the conversion of a substance from one physical form to another.
When we talk about change of state, the substance does not change only the energy changes.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Increase energy the particles move faster
Decrease energy the particles move slower
The temperature of a substance is a measure of energy
Solid Liquid Gas
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Solid to Liquid = Melting
Liquid to Gas = Evaporation
Gas to Liquid = Condensation
Liquid to Solid = Freezing
Solid to Gas = Sublimation
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Some changes of state require energy
Changes that require energy are called endothermic changes.
Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas and is a characteristic property
Solids can also change to gases this is called sublimation.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Energy is released in some change of state
Changes that release energy are called exothermic changes
When water freezes or a gas becomes a liquid are examples of releasing energy
Condensation is the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Temperature change verses change in state
Temperatures do not change during a state of change.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Conservation of Mass and Energy
Mass cannot be created or destroyed
Both in a chemical or a physical change, the total mass of matter stays the same before and after the change.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
Matter changes but the total mass stays the same.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy may be converted to another form during a physical or chemical change, but the total amount of energy present before and after the change is the same.
Section 2: Fluids
Key Terms
Fluid
Buoyant Force
Pressure
Archimedes’ Principle
Pascal
Pascal’s Principle
Viscosity
Section 2: Fluids
Fluids
Since both liquids and gases have the ability to flow they are referred to as fluids.
Fluids are able to flow because their particles can move past each other easily
Section 2: Fluids
Buoyant Force
Is the upward force that fluids exert on matter
What determines if something will float or sink?
Density and the buoyant force
Section 2: Fluids
Buoyancy explains why objects float
All fluids exert pressure, which is the amount of force exerted on a given area
Pressure of all fluids increase as the depth increases
Section 2: Fluids
Determining Buoyant Force
Archimedes’ principle states that buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces.
Section 2: Fluids
An object will float or sink based on its density
Since steel is almost eight times denser than water how do ships float?
Ships float because of their hollow shape. Remember that density equals mass
divided by volume.
Section 2: Fluids
Fluids and Pressure
Pressure is the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface. The SI unit for pressure is Pascal (Pa)
Pressure is calculated by dividing force by the area.
Pressure = force/area (1 Newton/m2)
Section 2: Fluids
Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions.
Pascal’s principle states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid
Hydraulic devices are based on Pascal’s principle. These devices use liquids to transmit pressure from one point to another.
Section 2: Fluids
Why are liquids used instead of gases?
Because liquids cannot be compressed or squeezed into a smaller place. Liquids transmit pressure more efficiently.
Section 2: Fluids
Fluids in Motion
Fluids move faster through smaller areas than through larger areas, if the overall flow rate remains constant
Viscosity is resistance to flow
Section 2: Fluids
Fluid pressure decrease as speed increases
Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure of the moving fluid decreases.
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Key Terms
Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Behavior of Gases
Gases are often forgotten because they are colorless and odorless. However, gases are very important
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Properties of Gases
No definite shape or volume
Particles move rapidly in all directions
Fluids
Molecules are in constant motion, and they frequently collide with one another and with the walls of their container
Low density
Compressible
Spread out easily and mix with one another. Mostly empty space
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Gases exert pressure on their containers
Gas under pressure will escape its container if possible
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Gas Laws
The volume of a gas is the same as the volume of its container but there are other factors, such as pressure, to consider
The gas law describes how the behavior of gases are affected by pressure and temperature
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Boyle’s Law relates the pressure of a gas to its volume
Boyle’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas increases as its pressure decreases, or the volume of a gas decreases as its pressure increases
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Boyle’s Law
Pressure Volume
Pressure Volume
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Charles’ Law relates the temperature of a gas to its volume
Charles’ Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of gas increase as its temperature increases and the volume of a gas decreases as its temperature decreases
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Charles’ Law
Temperature Volume
Temperature Volume
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
Gay-Lussac’s Law relates gas pressure to temperature
As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the gas particles increase
Gay-Lussac’s Law states that the pressure of a gas increases as the temperature increases if the volume of the gas does not change
Section 3: Behavior of Gases
What does this mean?
If a pressurized container that holds gas is heated it may explode.