Post on 19-Jan-2016
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Ancient India and ChinaAncient India and China
Geography of IndiaGeography of India
India is a peninsulaIndia is a peninsula Is a Is a subcontinentsubcontinent 2 mountain ranges 2 mountain ranges
protect the north-protect the north-HimalayasHimalayas and and Hindu KushHindu Kush
Oceans to the east, Oceans to the east, west & southwest & south
Geography of IndiaGeography of India
Regions of IndiaRegions of India Well watered plain in the northWell watered plain in the north Deccan Plateau Deccan Plateau in the centerin the center Coastal plains on either side of the Coastal plains on either side of the
Deccan PlateauDeccan Plateau Mountain passes through the Mountain passes through the
Hindu Kush did allow migrating Hindu Kush did allow migrating and invading people-and invading people-KhyberKhyber PassPass
Geography of IndiaGeography of India
Three great rivers:Three great rivers: Indus RiverIndus River Ganges River Ganges River – sacred– sacred BrahmaputraBrahmaputra
Geography of IndiaGeography of India
Chief feature of India’s climate Chief feature of India’s climate is the is the MonsoonMonsoon Winter monsoon – from the north – Winter monsoon – from the north –
hot dry airhot dry air Summer monsoon – from the Summer monsoon – from the
southwest – daily rainssouthwest – daily rains
Early Early Indus Valley Indus Valley civilizationcivilization
Developed about 2400BCE – same as the Developed about 2400BCE – same as the Egyptians Egyptians
Lasted for about 1,000 years then goneLasted for about 1,000 years then gone Chief cities were Chief cities were HarappaHarappa & & Mohenjo-Mohenjo-
DaroDaro——well planned cities, rich and poor well planned cities, rich and poor sectionssections
Rich had toilets and showers (sewer Rich had toilets and showers (sewer system)system)
Little is known about civilization because no Little is known about civilization because no one can decipher written languageone can decipher written language
Economy Economy
Agriculture grew wheat, barley, Agriculture grew wheat, barley, melons & datesmelons & dates
The first to grow cottonThe first to grow cotton
ReligionReligion
PolytheisticPolytheistic Revered sacred animals like the Revered sacred animals like the
bull as well as treesbull as well as trees Worshipped a mother goddess & Worshipped a mother goddess &
a three-faced goda three-faced god
DeclineDecline
Declining about 1750BCEDeclining about 1750BCE Why? Possible damage to local Why? Possible damage to local
environmentenvironment Ended about 1500BCE when Ended about 1500BCE when
invaded by the invaded by the AryansAryans – used – used horses, chariots & superior horses, chariots & superior weaponsweapons
Aryan Conquest- Aryan Conquest- 1500BCE1500BCE
Nomads from Nomads from southern Russiasouthern Russia
Organized into tribesOrganized into tribes Elected chief – Elected chief –
Rajah lead the Rajah lead the army and ruled in army and ruled in peacetimepeacetime
Defeated the Defeated the DravidiansDravidians
Spread into the Spread into the Ganges Valley Ganges Valley
Aryan Religion—Vedic Aryan Religion—Vedic AgeAge
Chief text – Chief text – VedasVedas—contain —contain sacred hymns, songs, prayers, sacred hymns, songs, prayers, and ritualsand rituals
First great epic is called the First great epic is called the Rig-VedaRig-Veda
Worshipped gods of nature – Worshipped gods of nature – sun, sky, fire etc.sun, sky, fire etc.
Aryan ReligionAryan Religion
IndraIndra – warrior – warrior god, god of god, god of thunder, and thunder, and strength who led strength who led them allthem all
Aryan ReligionAryan Religion
VarunaVaruna- god of - god of order & creationorder & creation
Also honored Also honored animals like animals like monkey god & monkey god & snake godsnake god
Aryan ReligionAryan Religion
Believed that a single spiritual Believed that a single spiritual power that lives in all things power that lives in all things
Believed that gods included Believed that gods included heroes, villains, demons, etc.heroes, villains, demons, etc.
Vedic literature recorded the Vedic literature recorded the exploits of the gods & goddessesexploits of the gods & goddesses
Aryan ReligionAryan Religion
Believed in reincarnation—Believed in reincarnation—introduced in the introduced in the UpanishadsUpanishads which are epic poems with a which are epic poems with a mythical religious tonemythical religious tone
MysticsMystics – people who devoted – people who devoted their life to seeking spiritual their life to seeking spiritual truthtruth
Vedic Age – 1500BCE – Vedic Age – 1500BCE – 500BCE500BCE
Used chariots with bows & Used chariots with bows & arrows to conquer arrows to conquer
Valued cattleValued cattle Your worth = # of cows & bulls Your worth = # of cows & bulls
you ownedyou owned
Caste System—based on Caste System—based on purity and skin colorpurity and skin color
BrahminsBrahmins – priests – priests KshatriyasKshatriyas – warriors – warriors VaisyasVaisyas – merchants, farmers, artisans, – merchants, farmers, artisans,
etc.etc. SudrasSudras – Dravidians & non-Aryans – Dravidians & non-Aryans
(servants(servants PariahPariah also known as untouchables were also known as untouchables were
outside the caste systemoutside the caste system Social structure largest impact on India and Social structure largest impact on India and
became basis of caste systembecame basis of caste system
Aryan CultureAryan Culture
Written language – Written language – SanskritSanskrit Created epic poems Created epic poems
MahabharataMahabharata – India’s greatest – India’s greatest epic poem—contains 100,000 epic poem—contains 100,000 versesverses
RamayanaRamayana
ChinaChina
Geography of ChinaGeography of China
Ancient time – known as the Ancient time – known as the “Middle Kingdom” or “Middle Kingdom” or ZhongguoZhongguo
Very isolated from other Very isolated from other civilizationscivilizations
Geography of ChinaGeography of China
West & Southwest – mountains West & Southwest – mountains & deserts& deserts
North – North – Gobi DesertGobi Desert East – East – Pacific OceanPacific Ocean Southeast- jungleSoutheast- jungle Result: Chinese thought of Result: Chinese thought of
outsiders as barbariansoutsiders as barbarians
Geography of ChinaGeography of China
Four regions of China:Four regions of China: ManchuriaManchuria TibetTibet Mongolia Mongolia XinjiangXinjiang
Heartland of ChinaHeartland of China
Yellow River Yellow River – – Huang HeHuang He AKA – “AKA – “River of SorrowRiver of Sorrow””
LoessLoess—fine windblown yellow soil—fine windblown yellow soil Yangzi River is also importantYangzi River is also important Earliest Chinese civilization Earliest Chinese civilization
developed in the Huang He developed in the Huang He ValleyValley
Chinese DynastiesChinese Dynasties
China’s history is told through China’s history is told through its dynastiesits dynasties
ShangShang Dynasty – 1650 BCE to Dynasty – 1650 BCE to 1027 BCE1027 BCE
GovernmentGovernment
Warrior KingsWarrior Kings Depended on loyal clans Depended on loyal clans No city-states like the Middle No city-states like the Middle
EastEast
Written LanguageWritten Language
Writing system – early writings Writing system – early writings found on found on oracle bonesoracle bones
CalligraphyCalligraphy—fine handwriting—fine handwriting
ReligionReligion
PolytheisticPolytheistic ShangShang DiDi----
presided over presided over heaven and heaven and other godsother gods
Used their Used their ancestors as ancestors as go-betweensgo-betweens
ReligionReligion
YinYin – female, earth & darkness – female, earth & darkness YangYang – male, heaven, & light – male, heaven, & light
Zhou Dynasty Zhou Dynasty – 1027 BCE– 1027 BCE
Mandate of Heaven Mandate of Heaven – the right to rule– the right to rule Dynasty enjoyed heaven’s blessing only Dynasty enjoyed heaven’s blessing only
as long as it governed wisely and justlyas long as it governed wisely and justly Mandate justifies the changing of Mandate justifies the changing of
Chinese dynastiesChinese dynasties Dynastic Cycle Dynastic Cycle – the rise and fall of – the rise and fall of
dynasties—not a crime to rebel against dynasties—not a crime to rebel against ruler who has lost mandateruler who has lost mandate
Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty
Created feudal states - feudalismCreated feudal states - feudalism
EconomyEconomy
Iron workingIron working Used moneyUsed money Expanded into the Yangzi ValleyExpanded into the Yangzi Valley
WARRING STATESWARRING STATES
The late Zhou dynastyThe late Zhou dynasty Wars lasted more than 500 yrs.Wars lasted more than 500 yrs. Destroyed food supplies—led Destroyed food supplies—led
to mass migrations to cities—to mass migrations to cities—led to shortage of farmers—led led to shortage of farmers—led to famineto famine
Cities were scenes of starvation, Cities were scenes of starvation, crime, and diseasecrime, and disease
Achievements of the Shang Achievements of the Shang & Zhou& Zhou
Bronze weaponsBronze weapons, later iron, later iron The The yokeyoke, , harnessharness, & , & spoke spoke
wheelwheel Accurate calendar – 365 ¼ daysAccurate calendar – 365 ¼ days SilkSilk making – about 1,000 BC making – about 1,000 BC First books and first to First books and first to
develop paperdevelop paper
ANCIENT CHINESE INVENTIONS
ANCIENT CHINESE INVENTIONS
TEATEA GUNPOWDERGUNPOWDER COMPASSCOMPASS SILK FABRICSILK FABRIC PAPERPAPER EARTHQUAKE DETECTOREARTHQUAKE DETECTOR PROCELAINPROCELAIN ACUPUNTUREACUPUNTURE LACQUELACQUE PRINTINGPRINTING IRON PLOWIRON PLOW SHIP’S RUDDERSHIP’S RUDDER HARNESS FOR HORSESHARNESS FOR HORSES ALCOHOLALCOHOL MECHANICAL CLOCKMECHANICAL CLOCK SMELTING OF STEEL AND IRONSMELTING OF STEEL AND IRON
TEATEA GUNPOWDERGUNPOWDER COMPASSCOMPASS SILK FABRICSILK FABRIC PAPERPAPER EARTHQUAKE DETECTOREARTHQUAKE DETECTOR PROCELAINPROCELAIN ACUPUNTUREACUPUNTURE LACQUELACQUE PRINTINGPRINTING IRON PLOWIRON PLOW SHIP’S RUDDERSHIP’S RUDDER HARNESS FOR HORSESHARNESS FOR HORSES ALCOHOLALCOHOL MECHANICAL CLOCKMECHANICAL CLOCK SMELTING OF STEEL AND IRONSMELTING OF STEEL AND IRON
MAURYAN DYNASTYMAURYAN DYNASTY
322 B.C.E. 322 B.C.E. Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupta Maurya seized power and established first seized power and established first Mauryan dynastyMauryan dynasty
Characterized by autocratic rule, Characterized by autocratic rule, large armies, and large bureaucracylarge armies, and large bureaucracy
AshokaAshoka, Chandragupta’s grandson , Chandragupta’s grandson used warfare to extend Mauryan ruleused warfare to extend Mauryan rule—eventually converted to —eventually converted to BuddhismBuddhism
Gupta DynastyGupta Dynasty
Brought political stability to Brought political stability to IndiaIndia
No great leadersNo great leaders