Ch.9.1Ch.9.1

Active Biology UnitActive Biology Unit

Hydra ClipsHydra Clips

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=12OmszObAkM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G188PDx73i8

Planarian

Planarian ClipsPlanarian Clips

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0QzSYQGsnA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0L_mJoG4nts

Earthworm

Earthworm ClipsEarthworm Clips

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFpblBf1dfE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO4lkv-jLRs

Hermit CrabHermit Crab

Hermit Crab ClipsHermit Crab Clips

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaU5etPejZA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMKbJJ04rXg

FrogFrog

Frog ClipsFrog Clips

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXqK5QulbJ8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBkWhkAZ9ds

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=ZUsARF-NR=1&v=ZUsARF-

CBcI&feature=endscreenCBcI&feature=endscreen

BiosphereBiosphere

• Biosphere = the area on earth where living organisms can be found.

• These are the levels of organization:– Organism– Population– Community– Ecosystem– Biome

EcosystemsEcosystems

• Organism = a single member of a species

• Population = many members of a species living together in one area

• Community = groups of different species living together in one area

EcosystemsEcosystems

• An ecosystem is the community plus all the different physical aspects of the habitat. This includes:– Abiotic (nonliving) factors such as rocks,

water, weather and soil.– Biotic (living) factors, which are all the living

organisms like plants, animals and bacteria.

• Biodiversity describes the number of species found within an ecosystem.

Desert Desert

OrganismOrganism::California QuailCalifornia Quail

PopulationPopulation::Several California QuailSeveral California Quail

CommunityCommunity::Quail, Hare & CoyoteQuail, Hare & Coyote

EcosystemEcosystem::Biotic + Abiotic FactorsBiotic + Abiotic Factors

Extinction Extinction

• One last term in natural selection is extinction (when a species disappears permanently).– Most extinctions are caused by natural

disasters, and/or humans.

Grizzly bear still alive and found in different parts of

world.Ursus horribilus

California GrizzlyUrsus californicus

Last one shot in 1922.

Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species

Flow of EnergyFlow of Energy

• Autotrophs, or Producers, are organisms who get their energy from non-living sources.

• Heterotrophs, or Consumers, are organisms who get their energy from other living, or once-living resources.

Flow of EnergyFlow of Energy• Chemosynthesis = a process where an organism

uses chemicals to make carbohydrates.• Example: CO2, H2O, H2S, O2 → Sugar Compounds

Food Chains & Food WebsFood Chains & Food Webs• Food Chains

show a sequence that links species by feeding relationships.

• Food Webs show complex networks of feeding relationships.

HerbivoresHerbivores only eat plants only eat plants

CarnivoresCarnivores only eat animals only eat animals

OmnivoresOmnivores eat plants & animals eat plants & animals

DetritivoresDetritivores eat dead organic eat dead organic mattermatter

Scavengers?Scavengers?

-Scavengers, such as vultures, are considered detritivores.

DecomposersDecomposers break down organic break down organic mattermatter

Trophic Levels:(nourishment or food levels)

→ Quaternary Consumer

→ Tertiary Consumer

→ Secondary Consumer

→ Primary Consumer

→ Producer

Energy Pyramids show transfer of energy in an ecosystem.

→ 6 Kilocalories

→ 60 Kilocalories

→ 600 Kilocalories

→ 6000 Kilocalories

Changing Population Changing Population SizesSizes

Rodent plague in South AustraliaRodent plague in South Australia

Changing EcosystemsChanging Ecosystems

• Succession = the gradual and sequential replacement of populations in an area.Pioneer species = first species to colonize a

new habitat.

Seral community = communities that come after pioneer species that gradually replace each other.

Climax community = community that remain stable as long as there is no disturbance.

• Primary Succession = from nothing to life

(can take a really long time)

• Secondary Succession = from disruption back to life

(doesn’t take as long)