Cell

Structure

Plants, Animals, Fungi and Protists have

Eukaryotic Cell(s)

Plant Cell Animal Cell

straight edges curved edges

Cell Organization

cell membrane

Eukaryotic cells

have 3 major parts:

1. cell membrane

2. cytoplasm

cytoplasm

3. nucleus

nucleus

cytoplasm is gel-like and

includes all of the

organelles in addition to

many substances

Organelles – membrane-bound

structures in the cytoplasm cytoplasm

Nucleus

Usually largest organelle that is

a round structure near center of

cell containing genetic material

(DNA/chromosomes)

nucleus

The nucleus has many parts.

Nuclear Envelope

two membranes

surround the

nucleus holding

it together

outer membrane

inner membrane

Nuclear Envelope

Nuclear Pores

Nuclear pores help control what

enters and leaves, they allow

________to get out

nuclear pores

Nuclear Pores

RNA

________________ Nucleolus

Dense, circular

region inside of

the nucleus

nucleolus

the nucleolus assembles ribosomes

Nucleolus

Chromatin

the fluid of the

nucleus contains

chromatin

chromatin

Chromatin (relaxed chromosomes)

is made of DNA and proteins

Chromatin

Ribosomes

RNA particles in the cytoplasm in 3-D

structures with proteins that

assemble _________ ________ into

proteins

Blue = proteins

Orange = rRNA

amino acids

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

ER ER – network of tubes in cytoplasm

where proteins are made

Rough ER –

endoplasmic

reticulum with

ribosomes

attached where

proteins are

made and

transported

through the

tubes of the

ER, eventually

out of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

not attached

to the ER are

“_______” and

produce

proteins that

stay within

the cell

free

The surface of

smooth ER is

where the cell

makes its

lipids and

detoxifies

drugs (liver).

Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER without any ribosomes is

called smooth ER

Vesicles are transporting sacs both to

and from the Golgi Apparatus. Notice

the vesicles being made at the ends of

the golgi.

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membrane

sacs, often shaped like a stack of pancakes,

that receives, processes and packages

proteins

Golgi

apparatus

It makes

vesicles which

are, therefore,

often nearby

vesicles

The Golgi apparatus has 3 functions:

1. To receive ______________ in vesicles from the ER

2. To process (modify) the proteins into a usable

form

3. To package the proteins into _____________ (for use

in or out of the cell)

proteins

vesicles

Lysosomes

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are

vesicles/sacs

containing enzymes

for digesting

unwanted substances.

They act like the

cell’s garbage

disposal. lysosome

Lysosomes clean up cells

Their enzymes digest:

1. worn out cell parts

2. large food particles

3. invading bacteria

enzymes

Vacuoles

Many plant cells

have one large

vacuole

Plant vacuole

Vacuoles are used

to store water,

salts, wastes, or

food, like a

refrigerator

Animal cells have several ________

vacuoles.

small

Some protists, like this paramecium,

use vacuoles to control the amount

of liquid in the cell and for

propulsion.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

mitochondria

Mitochondria

are bean

shaped

organelles

Mitochondria - the “Powerhouse” of the Cell

Mitochondria release the energy in

food particles (glucose) for use by the

cell as usable chemical energy (______) ATP

Plant Cell Structures

cell wall

vacuole

chloroplast

Chloroplasts The chloroplast

captures energy

from sunlight and

converts it into

chemical energy

(____________)

chloroplasts

they are green

because they

contain the

pigment

chlorophyll

glucose

Internal Structure of a Chloroplast

The chlorophyll in a chloroplast is

where photosynthesis occurs.

Some protists, like euglena, contain

chloroplasts. This is a one-celled

protist is not a plant. However, it does have a

vacuole and chloroplasts

The Cytoskeleton (network of microtubules and

microfilaments)

Function: shape/support

and movement

microtubule

cytoskeleton

Substances Made from Microtubules

Spindle fiber –

forms during cell

division and

separates

chromosomes

Centrioles – near

nucleus –

help

organize

cell division

___________ – many short, hair-

like stuructures on outside of

some cells used for movement

Flagella – long, whip-like structures on

outside of some cells used for

movement

The Cytoskeleton

Cilia

Cell Boundaries

The cell

membrane is

the thin,

flexible barrier

surrounding all

cells that

controls what

enters and

leaves.

cell membrane

Cell Membrane

Cell membranes are complicated

structures made of lipids, proteins and

carbohydrates

Membranes are Lipid Bilayers

one lipid layer

a second lipid layer

phosphate end

phosphate end

fatty acid ends

(they have 2 lipid layers that are flexible

and strong)

Cell membranes usually have water on

both sides of the membrane.

This causes some

phospholipids to point

to the outside of the

cell and some to point

to the inside of the

cell.

extracellular side

cytoplasmic side

Membranes also contain Proteins

protein

Some

proteins form

___________,

while others

form pumps

channels

Present Model of a Cell Membrane

Together, the lipids and proteins make up the

Fluid Mosaic Model for cell membranes.

Fluid Mosaic Model

2 lipid layers

with proteins

The Fluid Mosaic Model fluid means “capable of flowing”

mosaic means “a pattern made from pieces”

a

Cell Wall

the cell wall contains cellulose – very tough and

a major component of _____________ and paper.

it is the plant’s,

algae’s or

fungi’s skeleton

Strong supporting

layer surrounding

cell membrane of

some cells

wood