CE3350 - Introduction 1

CE3350 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

K. Rajagopal

Professor gopalkr@iitm.ac.in

Ext # 4263

Construction of Sikkim airport

Construction of airport at Gangtok, Sikkim by Ms/ Maccaferri India

Construction of 33 m high embankment at Shillong bypass Road

Uttarakhand disaster – land slip/land slide

Uttarakhand disaster - 2013

Uttarakhand – land slide

Typical land slide – failure of road communication

Is it nature’s wrath? or inappropriate management?? could it have been prevented ??

Big Temple – Thanjavur > 1000 years old

Ajanta Caves

Machu Pichu, Peru

Series of terraces to reach to the top Terraces served to stabilise the hill slopes, space for agriculture, townships, obstruct the enemy

Apartment building in Kakinada – suddenly sunk into the ground

Taj Mahal, Agra – one of the most visited places in the World

Taj Mahal, sitting strong on the banks of river Yamuna in spite of severe erosion and earthquakes. Inclination of minarets has not changed since its construction in the year 1600’s

Brigade Holiday Inn, OMR, Chennai

SDS-11th dec-11 + SDC 1st jan-12

Part-i Part-ii Part-iii Part-iv

1 3 24 30 31 14/15 7

5th step 4th step 3rdstep 2nd step

Meeting Room

GYM, Health Center Lounge All day Dining

Business Center Foyer

T 24 30 14/15

BRIGADE HOLIDAY Inn – CHENNAI

Guest Room Level-1

Guest Room Level-3

Guest Room Level-2

Guest Room Level-4

Guest Room Level-6

Guest Room Level-5

Swimming pool

1st.step

View of excavated surface on day of site visit (29th October 2011)

Close-up view of excavation – notice the secant piles on left side – on right side hollow steel pipes and 13m long soil nails driven to stabilize excavation

Sand bags dumped to prevent flow of soil from ground on right side excavation

Support of deep excavation using pre-stressed grouted anchors at Perambur Chennai

Ghat road at Kanakadurga Temple, Vijayawada

Objectives • Widen approach road • Create parking space at

the top of the hill

View of 2-tier Wall from Krishna River

Excavation for the 4-tier wall

ALIGNMENT OF TIER 1 FOR 4 TIER WALL

Top view of the completed 4-tier wall -

Additional Parking space gained at the top of the hill

Kansai International Airport

World’s first airport fully constructed on an artificial island away from land

•Air port is three miles (5 km) off the coast of Japan in Osaka bay

•Area of artificial island 1,275 acres (approximately 5.1x106 sq. m.) almost double the size of IITM campus

•Depth of water is 60 feet (20 meters)

•Seven years of construction time

•9.2 billon dollar budget (1 billion = 1,000 million)

•World’s largest man-made island and the longest building and bridge of its kind in the most massive public works project of the 20th century.

Cross-sectional view of sea wall

Overall view of the sea wall

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Three main stages of the island construction Remediation (strengthening) of the seabed, Placement of a seawall, Fill to construct the island

While the fill is placed, airport buildings started coming up.

Barge bringing soil all the way from China !!!

Pre-consolidation Methods

Sand drains Pre-fabricated vertical drains Vacuum assisted pre-consolidation

Sand Drains

surcharge fill

sand columns

HPCL Visakhapatnam – failure of road embankment

Mangalore Refineries and Petroleum Limited Complex

Factory buildings on top of the slope

Entire height of slope stabilised using soil nails

Construction of an approach road to an RoB

Zerosite containment landfill pond at Hindustan Zinc, Vizag

Completed Pond in Service

Failure of a road embankment due to deep seated rotation

Bandra Worli Sea Link, Mumbai

What are the problems to be overcome?

Close-up view of the railway track

Cross-section of an embankment with a view of the soil

A view of the railway embankment from the ground level

First sign of distress – notice the tilting of the mile post

Tunnel below a railway track ???? – formed during rainy season

CE3350 - Introduction 1

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