Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

BloodBlood

The HeartThe Heart

Blood Vessels & Blood Vessels & CirculationCirculation

BloodBlood

IntroductionIntroduction Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood Blood CompositionBlood Composition PlasmaPlasma Formed ElementsFormed Elements HemostasisHemostasis

The BloodThe Blood

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IntroductionIntroduction

• Circulatory System ComponentsCirculatory System Components

• Circulatory System FunctionsCirculatory System Functions

• Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Circulatory SystemCirculatory System:: Explain how the cardiovascular Explain how the cardiovascular

system is related to the circulatory system is related to the circulatory systemsystem

• FunctionsFunctions ofof BloodBlood:: List & describe five functions of bloodList & describe five functions of blood

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

• Component Systems:Component Systems: Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system Lymphatic systemLymphatic system

• Functions of Circulatory System:Functions of Circulatory System: TransportTransport Regulation of body fluidsRegulation of body fluids Defense against pathogensDefense against pathogens

Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood

• TransportTransport of dissolved gases, nutrients, of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, & metabolic wasteshormones, & metabolic wastes

• RegulationRegulation of of pHpH & & electrolyteelectrolyte compositioncomposition of interstitial fluids of interstitial fluids

• RestrictionRestriction of of fluid lossesfluid losses due to due to damaged vessels or injurydamaged vessels or injury

• DefenseDefense against toxins & pathogens against toxins & pathogens• Temperature homeostasisTemperature homeostasis

Composition of BloodComposition of Blood

• Plasma & Formed ElementPlasma & Formed Element

• Blood Collection & AnalysisBlood Collection & Analysis

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• BloodBlood CompositionComposition:: Describe the important components Describe the important components

of the bloodof the blood

• BloodBlood CollectionCollection && AnalysisAnalysis:: Describe some of the basic physical Describe some of the basic physical

features of blood & explain how blood features of blood & explain how blood is collected is collected

Explain how blood volume can be Explain how blood volume can be estimatedestimated

Blood TissueBlood Tissue

• Blood is a Blood is a fluid connective fluid connective tissuetissue cellularcellular componentscomponents: formed : formed

elementselements RBCsRBCs, , WBCsWBCs, , plateletsplatelets

matrixmatrix: plasma: plasma “ “fibrous” portion – fibrous” portion – plasma proteinsplasma proteins ground substanceground substance - - serumserum

Blood CompositionBlood Composition

• PlasmaPlasma connective tissue matrix:connective tissue matrix:

plasma proteinsplasma proteins – in solution – in solutionserumserum – ground substance (H – ground substance (H22O)O)

• Formed elementsFormed elements connective tissue cells:connective tissue cells:

erythrocyteserythrocytes – red blood cells ( – red blood cells (RBCsRBCs))leukocytesleukocytes – white blood cells ( – white blood cells (WBCsWBCs))plateletsplatelets – cell fragments – cell fragments

Blood CollectionBlood Collection

• VenipunctureVenipuncture commoncommon sampling techniquesampling technique – –

median cubital vein (ant. surf median cubital vein (ant. surf elbow)elbow) superficial veins easy to locatesuperficial veins easy to locate walls of veins are thinnerwalls of veins are thinner venous blood pressure is relatively venous blood pressure is relatively

low allowing puncture wound to seal low allowing puncture wound to seal quicklyquickly

most blood analysesmost blood analyses

Blood CollectionBlood Collection

• Capillary punctureCapillary puncture finger tip is most finger tip is most commoncommon blood smearblood smear technique technique

• Arterial punctureArterial puncture uncommonuncommon sampling technique sampling technique gas exchange efficiency – radial gas exchange efficiency – radial

artery (wrist) or brachial artery artery (wrist) or brachial artery (elbow)(elbow)

Whole Blood: Plasma & Whole Blood: Plasma & Formed ElementsFormed Elements

Plasma AnalysisPlasma Analysis

Formed Element AnalysisFormed Element Analysis

HematocritHematocrit

Physical Physical CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• temperaturetemperature 38 38 00C C (100.4 (100.4 0 0 F)F)

slightly higher than normal core B.T.slightly higher than normal core B.T.

• viscosityviscosity 5X that of H5X that of H2200 interaction btw/ proteins, formed interaction btw/ proteins, formed

elements, & Helements, & H2200

• pHpH 7.35 – 7.457.35 – 7.45 slightly alkaline average:slightly alkaline average: 7.47.4

Blood pHBlood pH

Blood VolumeBlood Volume

• MaleMale 5 – 6 liters5 – 6 liters

• FemaleFemale 4 – 5 liters4 – 5 liters

• Relative to body sizeRelative to body size gender differences reflect gender differences reflect

differences in differences in ave. body sizeave. body size calculationcalculation: : 0.07 (7%) of body 0.07 (7%) of body

weight in kg (1kg = 2.2lb)weight in kg (1kg = 2.2lb)

Blood VolumeBlood Volume

• Blood volume termsBlood volume terms hypovolemichypovolemic – – lowlow blood volume blood volume normovolemicnormovolemic – – normalnormal blood blood

volumevolume hypervolemichypervolemic – – excessiveexcessive (high) (high)

blood volumeblood volume

PlasmaPlasma

• Plasma & Interstitial FluidPlasma & Interstitial Fluid

• Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins

• SerumSerum

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• PlasmaPlasma:: Discuss the composition & functions of Discuss the composition & functions of

plasmaplasma Discuss the origin of plasma proteinsDiscuss the origin of plasma proteins

Plasma -v- Plasma -v- Interstitial FluidInterstitial Fluid

• PlasmaPlasma 46-63 % whole blood: ave. 46-63 % whole blood: ave. 55 %55 %

92 % H92 % H22OO8 %8 % dissolved dissolved proteinsproteins & & ionsions

• InterstitialInterstitial fluidfluid 96 % H96 % H22OO similar ion conc. as plasmasimilar ion conc. as plasma smaller conc. of proteins & dissolved smaller conc. of proteins & dissolved

gassesgasses

Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins

• AlbuminsAlbumins 60 % 60 % (most abundant)(most abundant)

contribute to osmotic pressurecontribute to osmotic pressure functionfunction: :

- - transporttransport of fatty acids, of fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones, & other subst.hormones, & other subst.

Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins

• GlobulinsGlobulins 35 %35 % immunoglobulinsimmunoglobulins – a.k.a., – a.k.a., antibodiesantibodies

functionfunction: : attackattack foreign proteins &foreign proteins & pathogenspathogens

transport globulinstransport globulins functionfunction: : bindbind small ions, hormones, small ions, hormones,

etc to prevent loss at kidneysetc to prevent loss at kidneys

Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins

• FibrinogenFibrinogen 4 %4 % functionfunction: :

- - blood clottingblood clotting form fibrin strandsform fibrin strands serumserum – – blood fluid from which blood fluid from which

clotting factors have been removedclotting factors have been removed

Plasma ProteinPlasma ProteinOriginsOrigins

• LiverLiver 90 % of plasma proteins90 % of plasma proteins all albuminsall albumins fibrinogenfibrinogen most globulinsmost globulins

• LymphocytesLymphocytes – immunoglobulins – immunoglobulins• Endocrine organsEndocrine organs – peptide hormones – peptide hormones

ExEx: α & β cells of pancreas : α & β cells of pancreas insulin & insulin & glucagonglucagon

SerumSerum

• Watery portion of blood containing Watery portion of blood containing dissolved substancesdissolved substances electrolyteselectrolytes: Na: Na++, K, K++, Ca, Ca2+2+, Mg, Mg++, Cl, Cl--, HCO, HCO33

--, , etcetc

organic nutrientsorganic nutrients: fatty acids, amino acids, : fatty acids, amino acids, glucose, etcglucose, etc

organic wastesorganic wastes: urea, ammonium ions, etc: urea, ammonium ions, etc

• W/out clotting factors or clotting W/out clotting factors or clotting proteinsproteins

Formed ElementsFormed Elements

• Origin & ProductionOrigin & Production• Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

structure & functionstructure & function hemoglobinhemoglobin

erythropoiesiserythropoiesis blood typingblood typing

• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) structure & functionstructure & function leukopoiesisleukopoiesis

• PlateletsPlatelets structure & functionstructure & function

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• FormedFormed ElementsElements:: Describe the origin & formation of Describe the origin & formation of

formed elements in bloodformed elements in blood• RBCsRBCs::

List the characteristics & functions of List the characteristics & functions of red blood cellsred blood cells

Describe the structure of hemoglobin, Describe the structure of hemoglobin, and indicate its functionsand indicate its functions

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• RBCsRBCs: (cont.): (cont.) Describe the recycling system for Describe the recycling system for

aged or damaged RBCsaged or damaged RBCs Define erythropoiesis, identify the Define erythropoiesis, identify the

stages involved in erythrocyte stages involved in erythrocyte maturation, & describe the maturation, & describe the homeostatic regulation of RBC homeostatic regulation of RBC productionproduction

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• RBCsRBCs: (cont.): (cont.) List examples of important tests & cite List examples of important tests & cite

the normal values for each testthe normal values for each test Explain the importance of blood Explain the importance of blood

typing on the basis of ABO & Rh typing on the basis of ABO & Rh incompatibilitiesincompatibilities

HemopoiesisHemopoiesis

• Production of bloodProduction of blood• Stem cellsStem cells

produce daughter cells that remain produce daughter cells that remain capable of division throughout lifecapable of division throughout life

• HemocytoblastsHemocytoblasts divide to produce:divide to produce:

lymphoid stem cellslymphoid stem cells lymphocytelymphocyte productionproduction

myeloid stem cellsmyeloid stem cells production of production of allall otherother: RBCs, platelets, & WBCs: RBCs, platelets, & WBCs

Erythrocytes:Erythrocytes:Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

• RBCsRBCs = = 99%99% of formed elements of formed elements• Contain Contain hemoglobinhemoglobin

proteinprotein binds Obinds O22 & CO & CO22

• Imparts deep Imparts deep red colorred color to blood to blood when bound to oxygen: when bound to oxygen: oxyhemoglobinoxyhemoglobin

RBC TriviaRBC Trivia

• # RBCs/μl (mm# RBCs/μl (mm33)):: = 4.5-6.0 million for = 4.5-6.0 million for malemale = 4.2-5.5 million for = 4.2-5.5 million for femalefemale

• # RBCs# RBCs in 1 in 1 drop of blooddrop of blood = 260 = 260 millionmillion

• total # RBCstotal # RBCs in in ave adultave adult = 25 trillion = 25 trillion• RBCs account for RBCs account for 1/3 of the total #1/3 of the total # of of

cells in the cells in the human bodyhuman body

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

• HematocritHematocrit % of whole blood occupied by % of whole blood occupied by

cellular componentscellular components

• Adult male – Adult male – 46%46% (40-54%) (40-54%)• Adult female – Adult female – 42%42% (37-47%) (37-47%)

Androgens (Androgens (♂♂ hormones) stimulate RBC hormones) stimulate RBC production; estrogens (production; estrogens (♀♀ hormones) do not hormones) do not

Blood SmearBlood Smear

plateletplatelet

WBCWBCRBCRBC

RBC Structure & FunctionRBC Structure & Function

• StructureStructure biconcavebiconcave disk disk no nucleusno nucleus in mature, circulating RBCs in mature, circulating RBCs hemoglobinhemoglobin (Hb) – packs RBC (Hb) – packs RBC

• Effect on functionEffect on function large surface arealarge surface area – rapid absorption & – rapid absorption &

release of Orelease of O22 formation of stacks – formation of stacks – rouleauxrouleaux

allows easy passage through vesselsallows easy passage through vessels flexibilityflexibility – ability to squeeze through – ability to squeeze through

capillariescapillaries

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin StructureStructure

• StructureStructure QuaternaryQuaternary shape – shape – 4 globular 4 globular

polypeptide chainspolypeptide chains2 alpha (α) chains2 alpha (α) chains2 beta (β) chains2 beta (β) chains

Each subunit has 1 Each subunit has 1 hemeheme groupgroup containing Fecontaining Fe

• Sickle-cell anemiaSickle-cell anemia a.a. sequence error in structure of β chaina.a. sequence error in structure of β chain RBCs “sickle” in low ORBCs “sickle” in low O22 conditions conditions

PleiotropyPleiotropy

Normal RBCsNormal RBCs

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin FunctionFunction

• OxygenOxygen transporttransport 280 million Hb molecules/RBC280 million Hb molecules/RBC each Hb has 4 heme groupseach Hb has 4 heme groups Fe in each heme carries 1 OFe in each heme carries 1 O22

a single RBC carries > 1 billion Oa single RBC carries > 1 billion O22 molecules molecules 98.5% O98.5% O22 in blood carried by Hb in blood carried by Hb

• OxyhemoglobinOxyhemoglobin HbOHbO22

inin↑↑oxygenoxygen environ, environ, Hb binds OHb binds O22

inin↓↓oxygenoxygen environ, environ, Hb releases OHb releases O22

Hemoglobin FunctionHemoglobin Function

• Carbon dioxide transportCarbon dioxide transport COCO22 binds to α & β chains binds to α & β chains

23% CO23% CO22 in blood carried by Hb in blood carried by Hb

- remainder carried as HCO- remainder carried as HCO33- - or dissolved gasor dissolved gas

• CarbaminohemoglobinCarbaminohemoglobin HbCOHbCO22

inin↑↑carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide environ, environ, Hb binds COHb binds CO22

inin↓↓carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide environ, environ, Hb releases COHb releases CO22

RBC Life Span RBC Life Span & Circulation& Circulation

• route from heart, to peripheral tissues, route from heart, to peripheral tissues, back to heart takes 1 min – back to heart takes 1 min – extremely extremely stressful collisionsstressful collisions

• travels 700 miles intravels 700 miles in 120 days120 days• worn cells are phagocytized by WBCsworn cells are phagocytized by WBCs• 1% replaced @ day1% replaced @ day• 3 million new RBCs enter circulation @ 3 million new RBCs enter circulation @

secsec

ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis

Stimulation of Stimulation of erythropoiesis due to erythropoiesis due to hormone hormone erythropoietinerythropoietin ( (EPOEPO) ) produced by produced by kidneykidney in in response to response to hypoxiahypoxia ((↓↓OO22))

Blood TypingBlood Typing

• Based on surface features of RBCsBased on surface features of RBCs antigensantigens – – surface featuressurface features

((agglutinogensagglutinogens) ) that trigger immune that trigger immune responsesresponses

RBCs have RBCs have 5050 different different kindskinds of surface of surface antigensantigens

3 are especially important:3 are especially important: AA, , BB, & , & RhRh

• Affected by antibodiesAffected by antibodies agglutininsagglutinins – – antibodies that attack RBCs antibodies that attack RBCs

w/ non-self antigensw/ non-self antigens

Blood TypesBlood Types

• TypeType AA ( (40%40% US population) US population) antigen Aantigen A present on RBC present on RBC plasma carries plasma carries anti-B antibodiesanti-B antibodies

• TypeType BB ((10%10% US population) US population) antigen Bantigen B present on RBC present on RBC plasma carriesplasma carries anti-A antibodiesanti-A antibodies

• TypeType ABAB ((4%4% US population) US population) antigens A & Bantigens A & B present on RBC present on RBC plasma carries plasma carries no ant-A or anti-B no ant-A or anti-B

antibodiesantibodies

Blood TypesBlood Types

• TypeType OO ((46%46% US population) US population) no A or B antigensno A or B antigens present on RBC present on RBC plasma carries plasma carries both anti-A & anti-B both anti-A & anti-B

antibodiesantibodies

Blood GroupsBlood Groups

universal donoruniversal donor

univ

ers

al re

cip

ient

univ

ers

al re

cip

ient

Blood TypesBlood Types

• Rh factorRh factor antigen presentantigen present – positive Rh factor = – positive Rh factor =

RhRh++

antigen absentantigen absent – negative Rh factor = – negative Rh factor = RhRh--

nono anti-Rh antibodies anti-Rh antibodies are present in are present in RhRh-- individuals unless due to previous individuals unless due to previous exposure to Rhexposure to Rh++ blood blood

““Rh” omitted in blood type Rh” omitted in blood type terminologyterminology

ExEx: O: O++ or A or A--

Rh Factors Rh Factors & Pregnancy& Pregnancy

Erythroblastosis fetalisErythroblastosis fetalis

Blood Group Blood Group GeneticsGenetics

• CodominanceCodominance there are there are 2 dominant traits2 dominant traits if inherited, both are expressed in if inherited, both are expressed in

phenotypephenotype of offspring of offspring type A (Itype A (IAA_), type B (I_), type B (IBB_), or type AB _), or type AB

(I(IAAIIBB))• Multiple allelesMultiple alleles

more than 2 traitsmore than 2 traits (surface features) (surface features) govern a character (blood type)govern a character (blood type)

IIAA & I & IB B & i& i

Blood Group GeneticsBlood Group Genetics

• Type AType A genotypesgenotypes IIAAIIAA – – homozygous dominanthomozygous dominant AA IIAAi – i – heterozygousheterozygous AA

• Type BType B genotypesgenotypes IIBBIIBB – – homozygous dominanthomozygous dominant BB IIBBi – i – heterozygousheterozygous BB

• Type ABType AB genotypegenotype IIAAIIBB – – homozygous dominanthomozygous dominant A & BA & B

• Type OType O genotypegenotype ii – ii – homozygous recessivehomozygous recessive

Universal Recipient

Universal Donor

Blood TypingBlood Typing

Type A blood Type A blood carries carries antibodies antibodies against type Bagainst type B

Type B blood Type B blood carries carries antibodies antibodies against type Aagainst type A

Type AB blood Type AB blood has NO A or B has NO A or B antibodiesantibodies

Donor Blood Serum

Reci

pie

nt

RB

Cs

Type O blood Type O blood carries carries antibodies for antibodies for both type A & both type A & type Btype B

Genetics Genetics Problem 1Problem 1

• A woman who is A woman who is heterozygous for heterozygous for type Atype A blood marries and a man who blood marries and a man who is is heterozygous for type Bheterozygous for type B blood. blood.

• State the State the probabilityprobability that any child that any child they produce will have the following they produce will have the following blood types:blood types:a)a) AA

b)b) BB

c)c) AB AB

d)d) OO

IA i X IB i

i

i

IA

IB IA IB IB i

IA i i i

♂♂♀♀

Type OType O

Type BType B

Type AType A

Type ABType AB

25% probability 25% probability for any blood typefor any blood type

GeneticsGeneticsProblem 2Problem 2

• A woman who is A woman who is heterozygous heterozygous for Rhfor Rh++ blood marries and a man blood marries and a man withwith Rh Rh-- blood. blood.

• State the State the probabilityprobability that any that any child they produce will have the child they produce will have the following blood types:following blood types:

a)a) RhRh++

b)b) RhRh--

+ / - X - / -

-

-

+

- +/-

♂♂♀ ♀

Rh-negRh-neg

Rh-negRh-neg

Rh-posRh-pos

Rh-posRh-pos

-/-

-/-+/-

GeneticsGeneticsProblem 3Problem 3

• A woman who is A woman who is heterozygous for heterozygous for type Atype A and and RhRh++ blood marries and a blood marries and a man who is man who is heterozygous for type Bheterozygous for type B-- blood.blood.

• State the State the probabilityprobability that any child that any child they produce will have the following they produce will have the following blood types:blood types:a)a) AA++ e)e) AB AB+ + i)i) Rh Rh++

b)b) AA-- f)f) AB AB- - j)j) Rh Rh--

c)c) BB++ g)g) O O++

d)d) BB-- h)h) O O--

IA+ i- X IB- i-

i-

i-

IA+

IB- IA+ IB- IB- i-

IA+ i- i- i-

♂♂♀ ♀

Type O negType O neg

Type B negType B neg

Type A posType A pos

Type AB posType AB pos

RBC ProblemsRBC Problems

• AnemiaAnemia hemoglobin &/or RBC deficiencyhemoglobin &/or RBC deficiency OO22 transport transport typestypes::

Fe-deficiency anemiaFe-deficiency anemia – affects proper – affects proper manufacture of hemoglobinmanufacture of hemoglobin

pernicious anemiapernicious anemia – vitamin B – vitamin B1212 deficiency reducing factor necessary for deficiency reducing factor necessary for RBC maturation RBC maturation

aplasticaplastic anemiaanemia – reduced manufacture – reduced manufacture of RBCsof RBCs

sickle-cell anemiasickle-cell anemia – gene mutation – gene mutation resulting in abnormal hemoglobinresulting in abnormal hemoglobin

RBC ProblemsRBC Problems

• ThalassemiaThalassemia inherited disease involving inherited disease involving

hemoglobin synthesishemoglobin synthesis• PolycythemiaPolycythemia

production of RBCsproduction of RBCs typestypes::

PrimaryPrimary – natural disorder leading to – natural disorder leading to blood volume & viscosity and to impaired blood volume & viscosity and to impaired circulationcirculation

SecondarySecondary – develops as compensation – develops as compensation for for O O22 levels: high altitude adaptation levels: high altitude adaptation

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• WBCsWBCs:: Categorize the various WBCs on the Categorize the various WBCs on the

basis of their structures & functionsbasis of their structures & functions Discuss factors that regulate the Discuss factors that regulate the

production of the various types of production of the various types of WBCsWBCs

Types ofTypes ofLeukocytesLeukocytes

• Granular leukocytesGranular leukocytes cytoplasm contains cytoplasm contains manymany visiblevisible

granulesgranules typestypes::

neutrophilsneutrophilseosinophilseosinophilsbasophilsbasophils

Types ofTypes ofLeukocytesLeukocytes

• Agranular leukocytesAgranular leukocytes cytoplasm contains cytoplasm contains fewfew or or nono visiblevisible

granulesgranules typestypes::

monocytesmonocyteslymphocyteslymphocytes

Circulation Circulation & Movement& Movement

• amoeboid movementamoeboid movement• diapedesisdiapedesis – – can squeeze btw adjacent can squeeze btw adjacent

endothelial cells of blood vessels to endothelial cells of blood vessels to migrate out of circulatory systemmigrate out of circulatory system

• positivepositive chemotaxischemotaxis – – attracted to attracted to specific chemical stimuli of damaged specific chemical stimuli of damaged cells, invading pathogens, etccells, invading pathogens, etc

• phagocytosisphagocytosis – – neutrophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, & monocytes can engulf pathogens, cell & monocytes can engulf pathogens, cell debris, etcdebris, etc

Circulation Circulation & Movement& Movement

• 6000-9000 leukocytes/μl whole 6000-9000 leukocytes/μl whole bloodblood

• most WBCs are in most WBCs are in connectiveconnective tissuetissue properproper or organs of the or organs of the lymphaticlymphatic systemsystem

• circulating leukocytes represent circulating leukocytes represent tiny fraction of total WBC counttiny fraction of total WBC count

General FunctionsGeneral Functionsof Leukocytesof Leukocytes

• Nonspecific defensesNonspecific defenses activated by a variety of stimuliactivated by a variety of stimuli do not discriminate btw one type of do not discriminate btw one type of

threat & anotherthreat & another typestypes::

neutrophilsneutrophilseosinophilseosinophilsbasophilsbasophilsmonocytesmonocytes

General FunctionsGeneral Functionsof Leukocytesof Leukocytes

• Specific immunitySpecific immunity respond to attacks byrespond to attacks by specificspecific

pathogenspathogens oror toxinstoxins typestypes::

lymphocyteslymphocytes

NeutrophilNeutrophil

• StructureStructure polymorphonuclearpolymorphonuclear – segmented nucleus – segmented nucleus round cell; granules round cell; granules do not staindo not stain easily w/ easily w/

acidicacidic or or basicbasic dyes dyes packed w/ packed w/ lysosomeslysosomes & & bactericidalbactericidal

compoundscompounds

• FunctionFunction phagocytizephagocytize bacteria, fungi, some viruses bacteria, fungi, some viruses release chemicals to release chemicals to causecause inflammationinflammation

makes blood vessels permeablemakes blood vessels permeableattract other WBCsattract other WBCs

NeutrophilNeutrophil

• 50-70% circulating WBCs50-70% circulating WBCs most numerous WBC in circulationmost numerous WBC in circulation

• survive 10 hrs in bloodstreamsurvive 10 hrs in bloodstream• survive 30 min while destroying survive 30 min while destroying

bacteriabacteria• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow

EosinophilEosinophil(a.k.a., acidophil)(a.k.a., acidophil)

• StructureStructure bilobed nucleusbilobed nucleus round cell; granules round cell; granules stain darkly redstain darkly red w/ w/

eosineosin, an acid-based dye, an acid-based dye

• FunctionFunction use use exocytosisexocytosis to to secrete toxinssecrete toxins onto onto

surface of large, multicellular parasites surface of large, multicellular parasites (flukes, tapeworms, etc)(flukes, tapeworms, etc)

phagocytizephagocytize objects already coated w/ objects already coated w/ antibodies: bacteria, dead cells, etcantibodies: bacteria, dead cells, etc

respond to respond to allergensallergens reduce reduce inflammationinflammation

EosinophilEosinophil

• 2-4 % circulating WBCs2-4 % circulating WBCs• survive minutes to days depending survive minutes to days depending

on activity in tissueon activity in tissue• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow

BasophilBasophil

• StructureStructure lobed nucleuslobed nucleus – difficult to see due to # – difficult to see due to #

of granulesof granules round cell; granules round cell; granules stain dark purplestain dark purple or or

blueblue w/ w/ basicbasic dyes dyes

• FunctionFunction release release heparinheparin to to prevent blood clottingprevent blood clotting release release histaminehistamine to to causecause inflammationinflammation

BasophilBasophil

• < 1 % circulating WBCs< 1 % circulating WBCs• survival time unknownsurvival time unknown• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow

MonocyteMonocyte

• StructureStructure kidney bean-shaped nucleuskidney bean-shaped nucleus very large cell; abundant, pale cytoplasmvery large cell; abundant, pale cytoplasm

• FunctionFunction in circulation for 24 hrs; in circulation for 24 hrs; enter tissues to enter tissues to

become macrophagesbecome macrophages phagocytic giant cellphagocytic giant cell – fusion of several – fusion of several

macrophages to ingest large objectmacrophages to ingest large object

MonocyteMonocyte

• 2-8 % of circulating WBCs2-8 % of circulating WBCs• survive for months or longersurvive for months or longer• most produced in red bone marrowmost produced in red bone marrow

LymphocyteLymphocyte

• StructureStructure large, round nucleuslarge, round nucleus generally round cell; generally round cell; little cytoplasmlittle cytoplasm

• FunctionFunction defense against specific pathogensdefense against specific pathogens: :

viruses, bacteria, fungiviruses, bacteria, fungi 3 classes of lymphocytes w/ different 3 classes of lymphocytes w/ different

functionsfunctions

LymphocyteLymphocyte

• 20-30 % of circulating WBCs20-30 % of circulating WBCs• survive months to decadessurvive months to decades• circulate from blood to tissues & circulate from blood to tissues &

backback• produced in red bone marrow & produced in red bone marrow &

lymphoid tissueslymphoid tissues

LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses

• T cellsT cells cellular immunitycellular immunity – defense – defense

mechanisms against invading foreign mechanisms against invading foreign cells and tissuescells and tissues

coordination of immune responsescoordination of immune responses

LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses

types of T cellstypes of T cells:: cytotoxiccytotoxic T cellsT cells – direct destruction of – direct destruction of

foreign cells by physical & chemical foreign cells by physical & chemical attackattack

regulatoryregulatory T cellsT cells::• helperhelper T cellsT cells – stimulate activity of – stimulate activity of

other T cells & B cellsother T cells & B cells• suppressorsuppressor T cellsT cells – inhibit the activity – inhibit the activity

of other T cells & B cellsof other T cells & B cells

LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses

• B cellsB cells humoral immunityhumoral immunity production of antibody defenseproduction of antibody defense

against antigens on pathogens, against antigens on pathogens, foreign cells, etcforeign cells, etc

antibodies produced in one region can antibodies produced in one region can destroy pathogens anywhere in the destroy pathogens anywhere in the bodybody

LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses

• NK cellsNK cells (a.k.a., “natural killer” or (a.k.a., “natural killer” or large, granular lymphocytes)large, granular lymphocytes) immune surveillanceimmune surveillance detection & destruction of abnormal detection & destruction of abnormal

tissue cellstissue cells important in destroying important in destroying cancer cellscancer cells

Blood Cell Origin Blood Cell Origin & Differentiation& Differentiation

Regulation ofRegulation ofWBC ProductionWBC Production

• Colony-stimulating factorsColony-stimulating factors (CSFs)(CSFs) hormoneshormones types of CSFstypes of CSFs::

M-CSFM-CSF – – stimulatesstimulates monocytemonocyte/macrophage line/macrophage line

G-CSFG-CSF – – stimulatesstimulates production of production of granulocytesgranulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, & : neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophilsbasophils

Regulation ofRegulation ofWBC ProductionWBC Production

types of CSFstypes of CSFs: (cont): (cont)GM-CSFGM-CSF – – stimulatesstimulates production of both production of both

granulocytesgranulocytes & & monocytesmonocytesMulti-CSFMulti-CSF – – acceleratesaccelerates production of production of

granulocytesgranulocytes, , monocytesmonocytes, , erythrocyteserythrocytes, & , & plateletsplatelets

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• PlateletsPlatelets:: Describe the structure & function of Describe the structure & function of

plateletsplatelets Explain how platelets are formedExplain how platelets are formed

PlateletsPlatelets

• StructureStructure flattened disks or spindle-shaped flattened disks or spindle-shaped cell cell

fragments fragments non-nucleatenon-nucleate; cytoplasm w/ enzymes & ; cytoplasm w/ enzymes &

proenzymesproenzymes

• FunctionFunction transport of clotting chemicalstransport of clotting chemicals temporary temporary patch formationpatch formation in walls of in walls of

damaged blood vesselsdamaged blood vessels active active contractioncontraction following clot formation following clot formation

PlateletsPlatelets

• 150,000-500,000 / 150,000-500,000 / μμl whole bloodl whole blood• survival time 9-12 dayssurvival time 9-12 days• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow

Platelet Platelet ProductionProduction

• ThromobocytopoiesisThromobocytopoiesis production of plateletsproduction of platelets contributing factors:contributing factors:

thrombopoietinthrombopoietin (TPO) – accelerates (TPO) – accelerates platelet formationplatelet formation

interleukin-6interleukin-6 (Il-6) – stimulates platelet (Il-6) – stimulates platelet formationformation

Multi-CSFMulti-CSF – stimulates production of – stimulates production of megakaryocytesmegakaryocytes

Note Structure of Formed Note Structure of Formed Elements:Elements: Nuclei Nuclei

HemostasisHemostasis

• Prevention of blood loss through Prevention of blood loss through walls of damaged blood vesselswalls of damaged blood vessels

• Establishment of framework for Establishment of framework for tissue repairtissue repair

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• HemostasisHemostasis:: Discuss mechanisms that control Discuss mechanisms that control

blood loss after injuryblood loss after injury Describe the reaction sequences Describe the reaction sequences

responsible for blood clottingresponsible for blood clotting

Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis

• Vascular PhaseVascular Phase Vascular spasmVascular spasm – – automatic contraction automatic contraction

of smooth muscleof smooth muscle following a cut in the wall following a cut in the wall of a blood vesselof a blood vessel

Changes in endotheliumChanges in endothelium:: endothelial cells contractendothelial cells contract & expose & expose

underlying basement membrane to blood underlying basement membrane to blood streamstream

endothelial cell endothelial cell membranes become stickymembranes become sticky; ; in small capillaries, cells from opposite walls in small capillaries, cells from opposite walls may stick together to close off passagewaymay stick together to close off passageway

Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis

• Vascular PhaseVascular Phase endothelial cells endothelial cells release chemicalsrelease chemicals & &

hormoneshormones• ADP, tissue factor, prostacyclinADP, tissue factor, prostacyclin• endothelinsendothelins – peptide hormones – peptide hormones

(1)(1) stimulate stimulate smooth muscle smooth muscle contractioncontraction & vascular spasm & vascular spasm

(2)(2) stimulate stimulate production of new production of new endothelial cells, smooth muscle endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, & fibroblastscells, & fibroblasts to accelerate to accelerate repairrepair

Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis

• Platelet PhasePlatelet Phase Platelet adhesionPlatelet adhesion – platelets begin to – platelets begin to

stick to endothelial cellsstick to endothelial cells Platelet adhesionPlatelet adhesion – platelets begin to – platelets begin to

stick to each otherstick to each other Platelet plug Platelet plug formsforms

Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis

• Platelet PhasePlatelet Phase Platelets release Platelets release chemicalschemicals::

ADPADP – promotes aggregation – promotes aggregation thromboxanethromboxane AA22 – promotes aggregation – promotes aggregation

& secretion; also, smooth muscle & secretion; also, smooth muscle contraction & vascular spasmcontraction & vascular spasm

serotoninserotonin – assists thromboxane A – assists thromboxane A22

platelet factorsplatelet factors – promotes blood – promotes blood coagulation & div. of endothelial cellscoagulation & div. of endothelial cells

CaCa2+2+ - promote aggregation & clotting- promote aggregation & clotting

Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis

• Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase Blood clottingBlood clotting

conversion of circulating conversion of circulating fibrinogen to fibrinogen to insoluble fibrininsoluble fibrin

forms forms tangle of fiberstangle of fibers that traps blood that traps blood cells and more plateletscells and more platelets

Blood ClotBlood ClotStructureStructure

Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase

• Extrinsic pathwayExtrinsic pathway begins w/ damaged tissues at begins w/ damaged tissues at

injury site injury site outsideoutside the blood stream the blood stream release of release of tissue factortissue factor ( (TFTF))

activates a series of clottingactivates a series of clottingfactors which combine w/ Cafactors which combine w/ Ca2+2+

to produce the enzymeto produce the enzymeprothrombin activatorprothrombin activator

Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase

• Intrinsic pathwayIntrinsic pathway begins w/ damaged tissues at begins w/ damaged tissues at

injury site injury site insideinside the blood stream the blood stream activates a series of clotting factors activates a series of clotting factors

which combine w/ Cawhich combine w/ Ca2+2+ to produce to produce the enzyme the enzyme prothrombin activatorprothrombin activator

Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase

• Common pathwayCommon pathway prothrombin activatorprothrombin activator from either from either

intrinsic or extrinsic pathway intrinsic or extrinsic pathway appears in plasmaappears in plasma

works w/ Caworks w/ Ca2+2+ : :

prothrombinprothrombin – –prothrombin activator / Caprothrombin activator / Ca2+2+ thrombinthrombin

circulating globular circulating globular fibrinogenfibrinogen – –thrombinthrombin fibrinfibrin

Blood Clotting Blood Clotting ProcessProcess

Clot RetractionClot Retraction& Fibrinolysis& Fibrinolysis

• Platelets contract:Platelets contract: syneresis syneresis pull edges of torn vessel closer pull edges of torn vessel closer

togethertogether

• FibrinolysisFibrinolysis clot dissolvesclot dissolves action of plasmin by plasminogenaction of plasmin by plasminogen

plasminogenplasminogen – –thrombin activator or t-PAthrombin activator or t-PA plasminplasmin

Blood ReviewBlood Review

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