CARBOHYDRATES

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Carbs include:

Breads, cereal, rice, pasta, fruits and vegetables are rich in sugars called carbs.

Different Forms of Glucose

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C6 H12 O6

MonosacchrideCommonly called sugar

#1 source of cell energy

Characteristics of Carbohydrates

• Consist of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

• Energy containing molecules• Some provide structure• Basic building block is a

monosaccharide

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Monosaccharide

• Single-unit simple sugar when ingested enter quickly into the bloodstream.

• Include sugar in milk, juice, honey

•1 or 2 monosaccarides are called sugars and provide immediate cell energy.

Polysaccharides

• Multi subunit sugars • Found in vegetables, breads, legumes, pasta• Healthiest forms of carbs• These carbs are digested more slowly because

there are more chemical bonds to break. Best type for “carbo-loading”.

Important Polysaccharides: Starch (made in plants)

• Plant energy storage molecule

• Glycogen is a very similar molecule in animals. Made in liver and muscle cells

• Starch and glycogen can be quickly used for energy when glucose is low.

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many monnosaccharides bonded together are called starches

Storing Sugar

• When more than needed is present, it can be stored for later use. Plants store it as starch, animals store as glycogen.

Important Polysaccharides: Cellulose

• Composed of glucose subunits

• Different bond formed than starch

• Structural component in plant cell walls

• Fiber- Cannot be digested by animals

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Lipids

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Lipids

Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

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Fatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:

1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)

• Trans fats are not required or beneficial (abundant in fast foods; cause clogged arteries, heart disease, and diabetes)

2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2-CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated

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• Gram for gram, fat contains 2X the amount of energy as carbs or protein.

• Foods that are rich in fat: milk, cheese, meat, nuts, vegetable oils

• Essential fatty acids must be obtained through your diet (omegas, etc.)

• Steroids are based on cholesterol.

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Lipids• General term for compounds which are not

soluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.• Remember: “stores the most energy”• Examples: 1. Fats

2. Phospholipids3. Oils4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides

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Lipids

Six functions of lipids:1. Long term energy storage2. Insulation -Protection against heat loss3. Padding of organs -Protection against physical shock4. Pigment5. Plant coverings6. Cell membrane structure (phospholipids)

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Steroids

• Includes hormones and

• Cholesterol: is essential in cell membrane structure