CARBOHYDRATES copyright cmassengale Carbs include: Breads, cereal, rice, pasta, fruits and...
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Transcript of CARBOHYDRATES copyright cmassengale Carbs include: Breads, cereal, rice, pasta, fruits and...
CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbs include:
Breads, cereal, rice, pasta, fruits and vegetables are rich in sugars called carbs.
Different Forms of Glucose
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C6 H12 O6
MonosacchrideCommonly called sugar
#1 source of cell energy
Characteristics of Carbohydrates
• Consist of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
• Energy containing molecules• Some provide structure• Basic building block is a
monosaccharide
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Monosaccharide
• Single-unit simple sugar when ingested enter quickly into the bloodstream.
• Include sugar in milk, juice, honey
•1 or 2 monosaccarides are called sugars and provide immediate cell energy.
Polysaccharides
• Multi subunit sugars • Found in vegetables, breads, legumes, pasta• Healthiest forms of carbs• These carbs are digested more slowly because
there are more chemical bonds to break. Best type for “carbo-loading”.
Important Polysaccharides: Starch (made in plants)
• Plant energy storage molecule
• Glycogen is a very similar molecule in animals. Made in liver and muscle cells
• Starch and glycogen can be quickly used for energy when glucose is low.
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many monnosaccharides bonded together are called starches
Storing Sugar
• When more than needed is present, it can be stored for later use. Plants store it as starch, animals store as glycogen.
Important Polysaccharides: Cellulose
• Composed of glucose subunits
• Different bond formed than starch
• Structural component in plant cell walls
• Fiber- Cannot be digested by animals
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Lipids
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Lipids
Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
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Fatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
• Trans fats are not required or beneficial (abundant in fast foods; cause clogged arteries, heart disease, and diabetes)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH
2-CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
unsaturated
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• Gram for gram, fat contains 2X the amount of energy as carbs or protein.
• Foods that are rich in fat: milk, cheese, meat, nuts, vegetable oils
• Essential fatty acids must be obtained through your diet (omegas, etc.)
• Steroids are based on cholesterol.
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Lipids• General term for compounds which are not
soluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.• Remember: “stores the most energy”• Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids3. Oils4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides
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Lipids
Six functions of lipids:1. Long term energy storage2. Insulation -Protection against heat loss3. Padding of organs -Protection against physical shock4. Pigment5. Plant coverings6. Cell membrane structure (phospholipids)
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Steroids
• Includes hormones and
• Cholesterol: is essential in cell membrane structure