Post on 23-Sep-2020
Cape Town Water Outlook 2018 Updated August 2018
City of Cape Town
1st reservoirsDemand
> supply
Demand
> supplyDemand
> supply
Demand
> supply
Demand
> supply
Steenbras
Steenbras
Wemmershoek
Steenbras
Voelvlei
TWK
Berg River
Upper
Steenbras
1834
1834: 36 free flowing fountains
1840: municipal responsibility for water supply
1881: first restrictions 4 to 3hrs/day
1889: District waterworks co. formed
1892: Table mountain dams construction started
1912: Water rationing to 12hrs/day
1913: Greater CT municipality
1916: Water rationing to 4hrs/day
1956: Promulgation of Water Act
1997: Local government restructuring
Woo
dhea
dtu
nnel
Woo
dhea
dda
m
Hel
y H
utch
inso
n,
Vic
toria
n &
Ale
xand
ra
De
Vill
iers
dam
Strand
Mitchells Plain
Atlantis
Khayelitsha
CBD
Century City
Belville
Athlone
ACCESS TO SERVICES
Piped water 99.8%
Electricity 97.3%
Telephone 93.5%
Adequate sanitation 94.3%
GDP/capita
Population ~4 million
Area ~2,500 km2
SA GDP/capita ~$6,000
Gini coefficient 0.61
Unemployment 22.7%
HOUSEHOLDS
Total ~1.1m
Informal ~250,000
Indigent ~270,000
< poverty line ~300,000
Cape Town’s water is part of an integrated surface water system
Cape Town gets its water from a system of dams that supply
agriculture and other urban areas. The current system is heavily
dependent on rainfall.
This complex system is managed by the national Department of
Water and Sanitation together with the City of Cape Town.
64% of water is allocated to Cape Town, about a third is used by
agriculture and 7% by other urban areas (smaller towns).
Theewaterskloof 53%
Voëlvlei 18%
Berg River 14%
Wemmershoek 7%
Steenbras Lower 4%
Steenbras Upper 4%
• Accountability tricky between 3
spheres of government;
• Procurement reform towards
empowerment;
• Legislation aimed to prevent
corruption rather than enable
development.
Water Supply
• Surface water - Dams currently over-allocated
– capacity ~900MCM, yield ~500MCM
• Current restrictions – allocations reduced
– current restricted allocation ~250MCM
• Alternative sources:
– Groundwater
• Table Mountain Group
• Cape Flats
– Re-use – triggered one temporary scheme
– Desalination – triggered three temporary schemes
• Not possible or affordable to build way out of a drought
Scenario 1: 100% success of WDM
Scenario 2: 50% success of WDM
Water Demand management
0
200 000
400 000
600 000
800 000
1 000 000
1 200 000
1 400 000
Jan
201
0
Jul
201
0
Jan
201
1
Jul
201
1
Jan
201
2
Jul
201
2
Jan
201
3
Jul
201
3
Jan
201
4
Jul
201
4
Jan
201
5
Jul
201
5
Jan
201
6
Jul
201
6
Jan
201
7
Jul
201
7
Jan
201
8
Jul
201
8
Total Daily Production Total Average Daily Production
• Communication
• Restrictions & Tariffs
• Water flow restriction
• Pressure management
Gross per capita use
• Summer 2014 - 300 lcd
• Summer 2015 - 250 lcd
• Summer 2016 - 225 lcd
• Summer 2018 - 150 lcd
• Now - 125 lcd
Water Demand management - Communication
• 4 million people
• Political environment
• Complexity
• Avenues
– Printed press
– Radio
– Media engagement
– Social media
– Citizen engagement
– Awareness & education
Water Demand management - Restrictions
• Progressively punitive tariffs – Ministerial
approval required
• Moving from 3 to 7 levels of restriction
• Steep increases in price
– 6kl free up to June 2017
– Introduced at R4/kl in July 2017
– Increased to R26/kl in Feb 2018
– Increased to R29/kl in July 2018
• Enforcement rules
R0
R2 000
R4 000
R6 000
R8 000
R10 000
R12 000
R14 000
R16 000
R18 000
R20 000
6,0 10,5 20,0 35,0 50,0
Mo
nth
ly h
ou
seh
old
wa
ter
bill
Monthly consumption in kilolitres
Level 6
Level 5
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Water Demand management – Flow restrictors
• Leak repair programme ~190,000 of 268,000 households done
• All meter replacements use these restrictors, but not set
• In September 2017 took decision to install at households using >20kl/month
• ~60,000 installed to date
-
500,00
1 000,00
1 500,00
2 000,00
2 500,00
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
08-o
kt
22-o
kt
05-n
ov
19-n
ov
03-d
ec
17-d
ec
31-d
ec
14-ja
n
28-ja
n
11-f
eb
25-f
eb
11-m
ar
25-m
ar
08-a
pr
22-a
pr
06-m
aj
20-m
aj
03-ju
n
17-ju
n
01-ju
l
15-ju
l
29-ju
l
WM
D "
no
wat
er"
no
tifi
cati
on
s
Nu
mb
er o
f co
ntr
aven
tio
n a
ctio
ns No Water WMD notifications Cumulative Contravention actions
Water Demand management – Pressure reduction
• ~160 pressure management zones
• Currently managing 99 (15m/25m – mainly residential
• Savings ~70MLD
• Leak repair at household level
• Leak detection & repairs
• Pressure managed reticulation 4,800/10,600km
• High user meter issues
Water Demand Management
- Impact
IWA recognition for a 55% reduction in
water demand between 2015 – 2017
without resorting to intermittent supply
Towards Resilience
• Don’t lose lessons from the drought! Value water. Build better social cohesion & equity in access;
• Consider, plan and mitigate shocks (drought, tariff increase, localized flooding, storm surge, protest)and stresses (inward migration, informal settlements, poor hygiene and sanitation, sub-optimal institutions, aging infrastructure);
• Diversify supply – reduce reliance on rainfall, introduce redundancy;
• Maintain water conservation & demand management, support household resilience;
• Resolve better management of catchments requiring cooperation between all spheres of government;
• Price water appropriately;
• Water sensitive design – manage urban water cycle;
Inte
gra
ted
City W
ate
r Str
ate
gy
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
700 000
800 000
900 000
1 000 000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2017
2016
2015
46.5%
31.0%
55.4%
84.1%
2018
2014
38.4%
60.3%
71%
97%
Hy
dro
log
ica
l y
ea
r
Sta
rt 1
No
v
1 Level 2 1 Jan ‘16
2 DWS 20% 16 Sep ‘16
3 Level 3 1 Nov ‘16
4 Level 3B 1 Feb ‘17
5 Level 4 1 Jun ‘17
6 Level 4B 1 Jul ‘17
7 Level 5 3 Sep ‘17
8 DWS 40/50% 28 Sep ‘17
9 DWS 45/60% 12 Dec ‘17
10 Level 6 1 Jan ‘18
11 Level 6B 1 Feb ‘18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
64.4
%
DAM LEVEL 64.4% AS AT 29 AUGUST 2018