Transcript of Cape Rachado Site Analysis
- 1. CAPE RACHADO -SITE ANALYSIS-
- 2. SITE PLAN 01/
- 3. plan/
- 4. location plan site plan PORT DICKSON
- 5. location plan site plan
- 6. key plan site plan
- 7. site plan site plan
- 8. topography/
- 9. contours and topographysite plan
- 10. section/
- 11. section a-asite plan
- 12. section b-bsite plan
- 13. section c-c site plan
- 14. EXISTING STRUCTURE 02/
- 15. concrete pathway existing structure Built all along the
hiking trail from the lighthouse to the beach
- 16. concrete pavement existing structure EPOXY COATED RE-BARS
REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPACTED SUBGRADE STRENGTHS: -low maintenance
-relatively high friction surface prevents slipping -provides a
clean and easy path for visitors to walk on -durable especially in
forests with extreme climates water resistant ! ! WEAKNESS:
-surface is very likely to crack as years pass. -moss growth makes
it slippery
- 17. concrete steps existing structure REINFORCED CONCRETE EPOXY
COATED RE-BARS COMPACTED SUBGRADE The materials used are similar to
concrete pavement. ! The measure of the stairs are different. Stair
wide are all similar, about 60cm. Stair raise range from 20cm to
50cm. Stair run range from 20cm to 50cm. WEAKNESSES: -Some stairs
on site were not built according to the standard requirement. -Some
of the raise is too high or stair run is too cramped, making
walking difficult and unsafe. ! REASON: -It was built according to
the mountain surface, causing it to go against the set
requirement.
- 18. Wood installed along certain parts of the pathway acts as a
boundary to separate natural and built landscapes ! WEAKNESS: Not
able the withstand climate changes, such as moisture ( grow moss)
and termite attacks. Some pathways were created based on the
position of rocks in the area. Visitors have to step through the
stones to continue their way. STRENGTH: Preservation of natural
elements, minimal destruction of nature ! WEAKNESS: Hazardous, not
suitable for children and old people
- 19. metal railings existing structure Colour: brown ! Reason:
To blend in with nature. The design principle of harmony avoids
conflict with colours between it and its surroundings.
- 20. Railing Measurements ! The railings can be found along the
pavement and stairs when the terrain is steeper. ! Connected by hex
bold screws. ! All railings share the same measurement. Hex Hex
Bolt Railing Details
- 21. Huge space between handles: -Visitors are able to
experience the texture of the plants. ! -View of natural
environment not obstructed. Experience of 5 senses emphasized. ! !
Material: Steel ! Strengths: Steel lasts longer compared to wood
after painted. Cost-efficient. Weather resistance, strong and
durable. ! Weaknesses: Openings too big, not safe for children
Steel rusts if lack maintenance metal railings existing
structure
- 22. retaining wall existing structure A short wall that spans
along parts of the walkway that are very steep Prevents soil
erosion and landslides that could block the pathway
- 23. Heights are inconsistent due to steep contour of the site
Slanted by 20-40 degrees inconsistently throughout the whole
walkway Top of the wall carved to resemble a tree log retaining
wall details existing structure
- 24. ! ! ! Material: concrete ! material used existing structure
PROS ! -Firm and steady structure that will withstand the test of
time -Suitable for holding loose and wet soil -Cost efficient ! ! !
CONS ! - Easily stained by dirt and soil - Plants easily grow
through the cracks that may affect the structure
- 25. entranced gazebo existing structure It is built after the
light house, the hut act as an entrance for the journey to the
beach below the hill ! REASON: The boards in it display information
about the birds. Visitors learn about what they are going to see
before they start walking the trail.
- 26. entranced gazebo existing structure -Equipped with
information signboards about the site -Pitch shaped roof ease
elimination of rainwater -Shelters visitors from rain and sunlight
! ! -In terms of form, it is a common design ! STRENGTHS: Allow
visitors to be sheltered from unpleasant climate. Durable and
long-lasting ! ! WEAKNESSES: Plain and boring design No seats
provided
- 27. signboards in the gazebo existing structure STRENGTHS:
Allow visitors to learn about the site Reduce the plainness of the
gazebo WEAKNESS: Lack of maintenance Information is not updated
regularly (no improvements made)
- 28. 2. Wood ! Subjected to corrosion Strong supporting
structure Non-resistant to wet and fire ! 1.Zinc Roof Tile ! Highly
resistant to corrosion Cheap, durable, light ! 3. Concrete column !
Function as supporting system Durable Resistant to corrosion 1 2 3
materiality-gazebo existing structure
- 29. PlanFront Elevation Right Elevation drawings-gazebo
existing structure
- 30. gazebo-roofing existing structure WOODEN STRUCTURE: Strong
and able to blend with the surroundings. Connected together by
metal nails METAL ROOF: Shelter for visitor while raining. Save
cost and light in weight, easy to install. ! STRENGTHS: Zinc roof
resistant to weather Low maintenance Metal reflects heat and blocks
its from heating the interior ! ! ! WEAKNESSES: Metal nails rust
easily Zinc roof creates noisy sound when hit by rain. Lack light
penetration Lack maintenance
- 31. Roof Structure Type Material Timber ! Structure Tri-bearing
roof trusses. ! Strength Span much longer distance Very stable and
strong Cheap ! Weaknesses Timber will rot or warp, especially when
exposed in natural environment Wood attracts insects invaders such
as termites Suffer damage from high winds or violent weather.
- 32. columns-gazebo existing structure Concrete column painted
like wood appearance ! To synchronize with the surrounding nature !
Create the beauty rather than a plain grey column STRENGTH: As a
supporting structure in the same time enhance the aesthetic of the
structure. WEAKNESS: Bulky in size but overall acceptable
- 33. curved benches existing structure Place for people to rest,
sit and enjoy nature ! Located 3 M from entrance gazebo ! Facing
the sea, enables visitors to see birds flying from the sea
- 34. Curved Bench Measurements Front Elevation Side elevation
Material: Concrete Strong and sturdy Low maintenance requirement
Can easily withstand local weather conditions Can last very long
Cost efficient
- 35. Strength ! Accessible Placed near a place where all
visitors pass by, easily spotted ! Weakness ! Damaged Cracks and
signs of vandalism can be found all over the bench Opportunity !
Potential Hotspot Structures can be built here due to high
accessibility and good view. ! However, tall trees blocked the
view. Threat ! Vandalism Prone No security to stop hooligans from
damaging public property
- 36. observatory decks existing structure All observatory decks
are located at the side of the slope facing towards the sea.
- 37. Wooden platform is elevated based on terrain The
observatory deck serves as a bird watching platform The railing is
painted yellow in colour so that it attracts attention from afar
Birds come from the direction of the sea into the forest, making it
easier to spot them
- 38. ! ! ! ! It is designed without a roof, so that visitors
will be able to watch the birds from any direction ! Larger and
further field of vision ! A platform is created by piercing the
steel railing deep into the soil to strengthen the grip. ! Flat
surface surrendered to pathway, pushing the deck above a slope
!
- 39. layout of the observatory deck existing structure
Information rack Bench STRENGTHS: Square observatory deck maximizes
space. Information rack placed in front,convenient to read. Bench
located at the back to not block the other visitors who are
observing the birds. ! WEAKNESSES: No rain shelter for visitors
Poor maintenance: Information rack vandalised and abandoned Rusted
steel and softened wood jeopardizes visitor safety !
- 40. Observatory Deck Measurements Plan Front Elevation Right
Elevation Front Elevation
- 41. picnic tables existing structure A modifiedtablewith
attached benches, designed for picnicking Signboard ! Picnic Tables
! Trail
- 42. picnic tables existing structure MATERIALS: Wood, steel,
nuts and bolts ! NUTS AND BOLTS: Made of medium carbon steel
Balanced ductility Good wear resistance But rusts rather quickly
Bolts Screws Wooden Panel STRENGTHS: Strong timber panels which
blends in with nature. Steel can withstand a huge amount of weight.
! WEAKNESSES: Color on panels wear off the wood panels are not
secure due to rusty nuts and bolts
- 43. Picnic Table Measurements Plan Axonometric Drawing 0.3M
0.7M 1.83M 1.94M 0.4M 0.74M Front Elevation
- 44. materiality-picnic tables existing structure Wood Metal
Concrete ! ! WOOD Cheap and easy to attain. Wood protectant
protects it from cracking, warping, or rotting due to moisture. The
table-top and bench-top boards are attached to the trusses or beams
using screws or nails. ! ! METAL Heavy, durable and require little
maintenance. Stable, strong. Painted to avoid rusting. ! CONCRETE
Sets the benches in place.
- 45. colour selection ! REDDISH-BROWN Nature and down-to-earth
color signifying stability, structure and support. Encourages a
strong need for security and a sense of belonging, with family and
friends being of utmost importance. Suits to the surroundings such
as colour of soil and trees. Harmonizes with nature. YELLOW Evokes
a warming effect, arouses cheerfulness Strengthens relationship
between family and friends Stimulates mental activity and energy
(able to continue journey after an exhausting hiking).
- 46. beach gazebo existing structure A structure designed for
visitors to rest and enjoy the view of the beach. Most of the
structure were made of timber, which absorbs less heat and blends
in with nature.
- 47. 3m2m 0.9m Plan 2.1m 3m 0.6m Front elevation drawings
Elevated, in case of rising sea levels and invading insects.
Elements of traditional Malay architecture and ornamentation.
Wooden decorative design Metal cover
- 48. materials and colors Bench (Timber) Base (Concrete)
Structure (Timber) Deck (Timber) Roof (Metal) Metal (painted blue)
Able to withstand tough weather conditions. Reflects sunlight.
(absorbs less heat) In correllance with the blue sea ! Timber
(brown) Blends in with nature. Less heat absorbed. Gives a feeling
of peacefulness and harmony. ! ! existing structure
- 49. LANDSCAPE 03/
- 50. dense Less dense density of greeneries landscape
- 51. soil condition landscape Forest soil Accumulation of
organic matter Low pH Low plant nutrient High clay content Mud
Holds moisture Good drainage Sand Dry Insufficient nutrients Cannot
transport water from lower strata longitudinal section
- 52. Beach 1 Beach 2 Forest soil Mud Sandy soil Beach 2
condition of soillandscape
- 53. Longitudinal section Tallest shortest height of
treeslandscape
- 54. Beach 2 Beach 1 height of treeslandscape
- 55. Longitudinal section species of treeslandscape
- 56. Longitudinal section H: approx. 60m ; D: 12m Large Trees
Meranti Tembaga Approx. 12m
- 57. 60m meranti tembaga ( S h o r e a L e p r o s u l a )
Greyish brown bark with shallow V-shaped fissures ! Outer Bark Dull
purplish brown. Hard and brittle ! Inner Bark Dull yellowish brown
! Grows on: Flat topography Well drained soil Strongly light
demanding Sapwood Pale cream Resinous ! Heartwood
- 58. Longitudinal section H: approx. 50m ; D: 2.5m Big ass tree
Meranti Seraya Approx. 18m-20m
- 59. meranti seraya (Shorea Curtisii) 130ft Giant grey or
reddish-brown bark with course fissures ! Defined as a floristic
tree ! Tree as a crown appears greyish-green as stand-out among
other trees of forest canopy ! Grows on: Low land/Steep land
Elevation 300-800m Near sea level
- 60. Longitudinal section H: approx. 12.5m ; D: 2.5m Arang-arang
tree Approx. 12m
- 61. Arang-arang (Diospyros spp.) 80ft Medium hardwood !
Density: 595-1,055 kg/m3 air dry ! Natural durability: lighter
coloured is non durable. Darker coloured is durable ! Texture: fine
and even with straight to slightly interlocked grain ! Machining
property: easy to work with to produce smooth surface ! Shrinkage:
high, especially in the streaky material. Radial shrinkage averages
4.7% while tangential shrinkage averages 8.7%. ! !
- 62. Longitudinal section H: approx. 30m ; D: 0.6m Panarahan
tree
- 63. Penarahan (Myristicaceae) Straight with longitudinal
fissures and dappled bark. ! Stilt roots enables growth at
100-2100m elevation ! Large elliptic leaves ! Grows on sandy soil !
Durability: Adapts to rainy weather Non resistant to growth of
fungi Prone to termite attack ! Birds feed on its ripen fruits
30m
- 64. Longitudinal section H: approx. 21m ; D: 0.75m Bintagor
tree
- 65. Bintangor (Calophyllum) Wood has a streaked, ribboned, or
zig-zag grain. ! Outer sapwood Yellowish brown ! ! Sensitive to
frost and fire ! Grows on: Sandy beaches Temperature moderated by
the proximity of the sea and by the breezes ! Uses: Boats Furniture
Medicine Massage oil ! 30m Inner sapwood Light reddish
- 66. Longitudinal section H: approx. 30m ; D: 4m Kelat tree
- 67. Kelat (Syzygium spp.) Medium hardwood ! popularly used as
an urban landscaping plant due to its hardiness and adaptability !
Density: 495-1,010 kg/m3 air dry. ! Natural durability: Moderately
durable timber Average service life of 3.3 years under natural
Malaysian conditions ! Texture: moderately fine and even with
interlocked, irregular or wavy grain. ! Shrinkage: high, with
radial shrinkage averaging 1.9% and tangential shrinkage averaging
3.3%. ! Uses: Structural purposes Ships and boats Tramways and
bridges 30m
- 68. Longitudinal section H: approx. 30m ; D: 2.5m Karas
tree
- 69. Karas(aquilaria malaccensis) Straight and smooth-barked.
sometimes fluted or with thick (10 cm) buttresses up to 2 m high !
Good smell. Contains high amount of resin ! Provides agarwood !
Grows on: Primary and secondary forests Grows well on sandy loams
developed from sandstone ! 6-20m ENDANGERED SPECIES
- 70. H: approx. 5m ; D: 0.8m Mangrove tree
- 71. Mangrove tree (Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera) Medium height !
Salt tolerant trees (halophytes) adapted to live in harsh coastal
conditions ! Adapts to low oxygen ! Adaptation to limit water loss:
restrict the opening of theirstomata vary the orientation of their
leaves to avoid the harsh midday sun ! Grows in: Saline coastal
sediment habitats ! 4-9m
- 72. Ashen coloured water ! Land covered with sand and rocks in
various sizes ! Sea snails attached onto rocks beach condition
analysislandscape
- 73. migratory bird/
- 74. P A C I F I C S W I F T ( A p u s p a c i f i c u s ) Can
be distinguished through white rump band and heavily marked under
part ! Breeds in sheltered locations such as caves. ! Strongly
migratory ! Call: typical swift screams but softer and less wheezy
! Status and threats: Not considered at risk.
- 75. B A R N S W A L L O W ( H i r u n d o R u s t i c a ) Most
widespread species ofswallow ! Passerine bird with blue upperparts
a long forkedtail curved, pointedwings ! Uses man-made structures
to breed ! Feeds on insects caught in flight ! Strongly migratory !
Call: typical swift screams ! Status and threats: Not considered at
risk.
- 76. C O M M O N S A N D P I P E R ( A c t i t i s h y p o l e u
c o s ) 1820cm long with a 3235cm wingspan ! greyish-brown
upperparts, white underparts, ! breeds across most
oftemperateandsubtropicalEuropeandAsia ! Gather and stop overs at
Palau in Micronesia departs around the last week of april ! Call:
Chirp. ! Status and threats: Not considered at risk. but is a
vulnerable species in some states of Australia.
- 77. B l U E - T H R O A T E D B E E - E A T E R ( M e r o p s v
i r i d i s ) Small ! Contrasting blue throat ! Long central tail
streamer ! Call:Described as a liquidbe-rek,be- rek;terrip-terrip.
Alarm call is a sharpchip. ! Migration: April-September. Before the
arrival of Blue-tailed Bee-eater ! Status and threats: Nesting
sites affected by human interuption
- 78. B l U E - T A I L E D B E E - E A T E R ( M e r o p s p h i
l i p p i n u s ) Small ! green crown and back; yellow and rufous
throat; brown upper breast; underparts apple green. ! Call:
Described as a liquid be-rek, be-rek; or rillip rillip rillip. !
found in scrub, mangrove, forest, cultivated areas and grasslands.
! Status and threats: Blue-tailed Bee-eaters are not considered at
risk
- 79. C H I N E S E G O S H A W K ( A c c i p i t e r s o l o e n
s i s ) 3036 cm in length ! Female larger than the male ! Adult has
prominent black wing tips ! Call: Vocalizes only in breeding
season, especially early on; sharp "keee-keee-keee...". Generally
silent. ! A bird of wooded areas. ! Status and threats: Not
considered at risk
- 80. G R A Y F A C E B U Z Z A R D 41-46 cm in length ! Call:
Main call described as a peevish, whistled "whick-awee" or
"pik-wee". ! Utilize rising air currents to gain altitude and cover
great distances by soaring during migration ! Status and
threats:Not globally threatened (Least Concern). Size and trends of
populations very poorly known.
- 81. B L A C K B A Z A ( A v i c e d a l e u p h o t e s ) Small
raptor ! Often seen in groups ! Soars high in the air during the
migrations. But usually, it flies low with deep wing-beats
interspersed with short glides on almost flat wings. ! Call: Soft
quavering, plaintive or whistling notes. Harsh squaks when in
group.
- 82. CLIMATIC STUDIES 04/
- 83. sunpath/
- 84. Cape Rachado is located in Tanjung Tuan, Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia. As Malaysia is located near the equator, it allows for
the location to receive more sunshine. Being close to the equator,
the sun path or position does not shift much throughout the year.
On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of sunshine per
day. However, seasonal variations may influence the amount of
sunshine received. ! Sun Orientation Knowing the sun path and
orientation of the site is vital to the design of the observation
deck in order to control the amount and direction of sunlight
entering the space. ! ! Sunrise & Sunset The site receives
sunlight at around 7.13 a.m. (annual average). Most facilities are
built in the area where HIGHER/LOWER light intensity is received,
as shown in the diagram below.
- 85. sunpath-january landscape
- 86. sunpath-february landscape
- 87. sunpath-march landscape
- 88. sunpath-april landscape
- 89. sunpath-may landscape
- 90. sunpath-june landscape
- 91. sunpath-july landscape
- 92. sunpath-august landscape
- 93. sunpath-september landscape
- 94. sunpath-october landscape
- 95. sunpath-november landscape
- 96. sunpath-december landscape
- 97. rain/
- 98. wind path climatic studies Direction : South East to North
West ! Wind Speed during Site Visit : 6.7mph -8.8mph ! Temperature
: 25- 31 Celsius ! Slight wind can be felt at the start of the
trail from Southwest as a result of Southwest Monsoon ! Stronger
wind can be felt at the end part of the trail as well as the beach
because of the land breeze from the sea. from southwest northeast
to southwest
- 99. wind path-southwest monsoon climatic studies Period : April
to September ! Areas Affected : West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia !
Rainfall at site will be higher than normal time during monsoon
season. However, the monsoon wind at site cannot be felt as the
site is surrounded by trees. southwest monsoon wind
- 100. wind path-northeast monsoon climatic studies northeast
monsoon wind Period : October to March ! Areas Affected : East
Coast of Peninsular Malaysia ! The site is not affected by this
monsoon wind as it is surrounded with trees. Rainfall normal at
site
- 101. wind strength climatic studies weak strong
- 102. wind analysis- trail climatic studies
- 103. wind analysis-beach climatic studies a B ! wind blowing
from southeast windy +cooling HOT+STUFFY
- 104. land breeze and sea breeze climatic studies land breeze
sea breeze The wind pattern near the beach is generated by the heat
gain, heat loss, and heat storage variations between land and
water.
- 105. wind/
- 106. average rainfall-malacca climatic studies
- 107. average rainfall precipitation-malacca climatic
studies
- 108. average temperature-malacca climatic studies
- 109. relative humidity-malacca climatic studies
- 110. relative humidity-malacca climatic studies
- 111. CIRCULATION 05/
- 112. circulation
- 113. circulation
- 114. VIEWS+VISTAS 06/
- 115. AIM #1 To look / observe a site which has more positive
view and also look into the contrasting view which is the negative
view. ! ! #2 To look / observe the sites through view framing from
every angle and openings, panoramic view of the best angles and
also view of the approaching site.
- 116. Positive view Neutral view Negative view view analysis
views+vistas
- 117. site spots views+vistas
- 118. STRENGTH nearest/shortest distance from standby point
great view for bird watching great panoramic view good light
penetration WEAKNESS forest reserve view more than sea view no
proper space to view the area site 1 -observation deck 1
views+vistas
- 119. STRENGTH very thin trees (only at this area) sunset light
penetration interesting backdrop great bird watching view WEAKNESS
view covered by the amount of trees quite humid steep site 2
-observation deck 2 views+vistas
- 120. STRENGTH sound of waves can be heard more light
penetration into this area thin trees which does not affect the
view from top shady from the sunset sun WEAKNESS steep terrain
which has higher risk for trees to fall narrow space site 3
-observation deck 3 views+vistas
- 121. STRENGTH wide range of sea view (horizon line) view of
sunrise direct access from forest trail WEAKNESS no view of sunset
tide increases and covers up half of the shore in the morning site
4 -south east beach views+vistas
- 122. Site V & VI - south west beach - STRENGTH wide area
interesting 180 view breezy great sunset view WEAKNESS very rocky
area 2 tombstones on top of the hill of the mini peninsular high
tide covers up the shore during the night site 5+6-south west beach
views+vistas
- 123. ACTIVITIES 07/
- 124. introduction/
- 125. activities at tanjung tuan
- 126. main activity zoning activities jungle trail dry
activities beach wet activities
- 127. birdwatching zoning activities 1)LIGHTOUSE- the highest
viewing point of tanjung tuan. 1 2 3 3)VALLEY- an open sky
clearing. 2)OBSERVATION DECK 1- an open sky clearing above the rest
benches.
- 128. birdwatching zoning activities 4)OBSERVATION DECK 2- a
view of trees ahead and above. 5)OBSERVATION DECK 3- a view of
trees and slope. 6)ROCKY CLIFF- a higher viewing point towards the
ocean. 4 5 6
- 129. migratory birds in cape rachado activities Oriental Honey
Buzzard (from Japan) Black Baza (forests ofSouth East Asia) Chinese
Goshawk (Southeast China) Blur-throated Bee Eater (Brunei,Cambodia,
China)
- 130. bird migration routes activities SIBERIA CAPE RACHADO
AUSTRALIA Birds migrate from Siberia to Australia stop by Tanjung
Tuan on their way. - Tanjung Tuan Rangers
- 131. bird watching events activities Yearly event: RWW (Raptor
Watch Weekend) Organised by: MNS (Malaysian Nature Society) Months:
March early April Turnout: 20,000 people per day
- 132. Bird enthusiasts gathering at the base of the lighthouse
to catch a sight of the raptors.
- 133. 1 3 2 4 meditation zones activities
- 134. BEFORE OBSERVATION DECK 2 OBSERVATION DECK 3 BACKDOOR
BEACH Skinny, straight trees Sense of verticality Spiritual and
overpowering First sounds of sea waves Cooling sea breeze Small
U-shaped bay Rocks frame the sea view
- 135. Panoramic view of the sea Higher up, isolated Full sunset
view rocky zone, main beach activities
- 136. camping zone activities Flat beach to set up tent Shaded
and dry for rest space Dry land for campfire CAMP SITES SHADED REST
AREA
- 137. types of fish activities Small Cuda (Barracuda) Small
Snapper SHALLOW FISHING DEEP BOAT FISHINGQueen Fish
- 138. history/
- 139. activities OLD TRAIL
- 140. trail timeline activities
- 141. hotspot/
- 142. people/
- 143. peak seasons in a year activities
- 144. peak hours in a day activities
- 145. population by visitors activities
- 146. locals activities
- 147. foreigners activities
- 148. population by race activities
- 149. religion activities
- 150. types of crowds activities
- 151. CASE STUDY: grand canyon observation deck,arizona
- 152. CONCLUSION/
- 153. POTENTIAL FEATURES ! TOPOGRAPHY ! ACTIVITY ! VIEW !
CLIMATE ! CIRCULATION !
- 154. TOPOGRAPHY ! Contours / coast Degree of slope Water level
Soil type ! ACTIVITY ! Purpose of observation deck Current
activities? Introduction of new concept
- 155. VIEW ! Observation area Landscape Coverage ! Climate !
Wind Sun direction Shade
- 156. CIRCULATION ! Areas of congestion Accessibility Private /
public space
- 157. SUGGESTIONS
- 158. 1/ OBSERVATION DECKS PUBLIC SPACE BUSY CIRCULATION
Existing vantage point
- 159. 2/ MANGROVE SWAMP INTERESTING VEGETATION OPTIMUM
OBSERVATION
- 160. 3/ BACK BEACH HIDDEN / SECLUDED FOCUSED VIEWPOINT
- 161. THANK YOU