English English consonantsconsonants

Work in the same group

Scan chapters 4 & 6 again

Discuss the answers to the following questions

English English consonantsconsonants

Define the following terms:manners of articulation plosivesinitial, medial and final positions of a plosiveaspirationfortis vs lenisfricativesaffricateshomorganic

English English consonantsconsonants

What are the three properties used for describing a consonant?

How is a plosive produced?

What are the English plosives?

How does aspiration take place? And when?

What are the English fricatives?

What are the English affricates?

English English consonantsconsonants

Manners of articulation: the particular way the airstream is obstructed

Plosives

Affricates

Fricatives

Nasals

Approximants (central, lateral)

English English consonantsconsonants

Plosives: Oral stopsThe air is stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief period

Then it explodes with the release of the closure, producing loud-enough noise to be heard

English plosives: Bilabials: p, bp, bAlveolars: t, dt, dVelars: k, gk, g

English English consonantsconsonants

The articulation of a plosive:Closing phase (dynamic)

Occlusion / Compression phase (static)

Release phase (dynamic)

Oral release

Nasal release

Lateral release

English English consonantsconsonants

Bilabials: p, bp, b

English English consonantsconsonants

Alveolars: t, dt, d

English English consonantsconsonants

Velars: k, gk, g

English English consonantsconsonants

Positions of plosives:Initial – CV

Medial - VCV

Final - VC

English English consonantsconsonants

Initial – CVVoiced plosives: released with weak plosion

Voiceless plosives: released with audible plosion aspirationaspiration

English English consonantsconsonants

AspirationAspirationThe phenomenon in which a small “puff of air” escapes through the vocal folds after the release phase.

Transcribed as [ CChh ]

English English consonantsconsonants

AspirationAspiration

English English consonantsconsonants

Aspiration rule:Aspiration rule:Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur syllable initially before stressed vowels (in a stressed syllable).

/ CC /

Examples:pot spot repeat compasstop stop attack contourkid skid akin condemn

[ CChh ] / $ __ V [+stress]

[ CC ] / elsewhere[-voiced]

[+stop]

English English consonantsconsonants

Positions of plosives:Initial – CV: scarcely voiced

Medial - VCV

Final – VC: scarcely voiced

English English consonantsconsonants

Positions of plosives:Initial – CV

Medial - VCV

Final – VCmap, mat,

lab, lad, lag

lap lab

meat mead

English English consonantsconsonants

Fricatives:Consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, accompanied by a continuous audible noise (hissing sound)

Continuant consonants

f, v, 8, 5, s, z, ~, 2, hf, v, 8, 5, s, z, ~, 2, h

English English consonantsconsonants

Labiodentals: f, vf, v

English English consonantsconsonants

Inter-dentals: 8, 58, 5

English English consonantsconsonants

Alveolars: s, zs, z

English English consonantsconsonants

Alveo-palatals: ~, ~, 22

English English consonantsconsonants

Glottal: hhHas the quality of the vowel it precedes

Problems:

hj hj ( ( .. ) )

ww

English English consonantsconsonants

Affricates:Consonants produced when the air is built up by a complete closure of the oral tract and then released and continued like a fricativeThe plosive and the following fricative must be “homorganic” (made with the same articulators)Non-continuant consonants that show a slow release of the closure t~, d2t~, d2

English English consonantsconsonants

Alveo-palatals: t~, t~, d2d2

English English consonantsconsonants

Fortis consonantsFortis consonants

Produced with more force

Usually thought of as voiceless

p, t, k, s, f, ~, p, t, k, s, f, ~, t~t~

Lenis consonantsLenis consonants

Produced with less force

Usually thought of as voiced

b, d, g, v, z, 2, b, d, g, v, z, 2, d2d2

English English consonantsconsonants

Fortis consonantsFortis consonantsSyllable – final: shortening a preceding vowel or l, m, n, 7

mop mobrich ridge

Syllable – initial: devoicing a following approximant (l, r, w, j)

play laytray rayquick wick

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Alveolar plosivesAlveolar plosives

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Dental fricativesDental fricatives

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Bilabial plosivesBilabial plosives

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Alveolar fricativesAlveolar fricatives

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Affricates Affricates

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Labiodental fricativesLabiodental fricatives

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Glottal fricativeGlottal fricative

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Velar plosivesVelar plosives

English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation

Alveo-palatal fricativesAlveo-palatal fricatives

Preparation for next Preparation for next classclassReview:

Plosives

Fricatives

Affricates

Aspiration

Shortening of vowels before a fortis consonant

Devoicing of approximants after a fortis consonant

Read Chapter 5

Chapter 7