Post on 10-Feb-2020
BRITISH HISTORY (-∞,1603)
Lukáš Čejka
Kultura a reálie anglofonních zemí a ČR
APIN LS 2017/18
1
OVERVIEW OF EARLY BRITISH HISTORY
• Stone Age – The Neolithic
• Bronze Age
• Iron Age
• The Romans
• The Invasions – Anglo Saxon, Jutes, Vikings
• The Normans
• The Middle-Ages
• The beginning of Parliament
• The Tudors
2
3
NEOLITHIC ~8000 – 2500 BC
• At the end of the last Ice Age (~8300 BC) people crossed into ‘Britain’ and settling mostly in the East and South of England.
• Until around 6500BC, when the English Channel was formed.
• The initial settlers were hunter-gatherers.
Land joining Eurasian landmass and todays’ British Isles
4
THE FIRST BRITONS
• The first 'Britons' were an ethnically
mixed group
• From all parts of the Caucasoid
population of Europe.
• The varied environment of Britain
encouraged a great diversity of
culturesDepiction of first homes
Stonehenge
BRONZE AGE ~2500 – 700 BC
• Hunter-gatherers started to farm animals and grow crops
• Improved farming
• The population of Britain ~1400 BC was ~one million
Tools of the Bronze Age
5
Tools of the Bronze Age
6
THE IRON AGE ~700 BC – 45 AD
• Iron replaces bronze
• Britain is a collection of indigenous tribes
• The many regional cultures of the British Iron Age grew out of the preceding local Bronze Age
Weapons of the Iron Age
IRON AGE CELTS
• Clothes
• Body paint with blue woad.
• Celtic tribes were led by hereditary Kings and warlords
• The Kings were supported by a warriors who enslaved most of the peasants.
• Warfare was common between tribes
• Confrontations tended to be brief.
Celtic warrior
7
8
THE ROMANS
• Britain is a land of agricultural
and mineral wealth
• Roman Emperor Claudius
invasion
• South Britain quickly occupied
Map of Roman Britain (often referred to as Britannia)
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Roman soldiers
Map of the Roman empire
9
10
BRITAIN AND THE ROMANS
• Population of Britain ~3 million
• Roman invasion
• Natives adopted Greco-Roman civilization
• Britons became Roman citizens, culturally and
legally.
• 300 AD majority of 'Britannia' was Roman
• Scotland untouched
Roman soldiers
11
THE ROMANS & THE CELTS
• South East pro-Roman
• Celtic art
• Roman-Celtic syncretism (=
combining of different beliefs, schools
of thought.
Depiction of a fight between a Celt and a roman soldier
ROMAN DEPARTURE FROM BRITAIN
• Rome invaded
• The Romans had left Britain by 410.
• British inhabitants
LARP (Live Action Roleplay) of a depiction of a roman soldier
12
AFTER THE ROMANS
• Return of ancient cultural trends of the Iron Age.
• Sixth century, 'Germanic' kingdoms.
• The Romano-British were slaughtered or driven west by
invading Anglo-Saxons
• Western-most parts of Britannia
• Population changes
• Germanic dialects replaced Latin or Celtic
• Loose knit and feuding hereditary kingships
• Germanic immigrants were mostly pagan and illiterate, the process was not well recorded
13
ANGLO-SAXONS
• The tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries are
known as the Anglo-Saxons.
Map of Anglo-Saxon movement circa 5-6th century
14
15
ANGLO-SAXONS
• Unknown impulse
• Possible reasons include:
• Often floods in their native land
• Farming difficulties
• Migration period
Depiction of an Anglo-Saxon family
16
ANGLO-SAXONS
• The Anglo-Saxons took control of most of Britain
• Scotland, Wales or Cornwall remained unconquered
• Country divided into kingdoms, each with its own royal family.
• By around 600 AD the five main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Kent and Anglia.
Kingdoms of England circa 600 AD
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE ANGLO-SAXONS?
• 8th and 9th century -Vikings
• Anglo-Saxon accounts describe terrible Viking raids in records
• By the end of the 870s, the Vikings occupied most of eastern England.
Lindisfarne Stone
17
VIKINGS
• 793 Viking raids began
• In 865 a 'Great Army' of Danish Vikings invaded England.
• In the end the Vikings conquered all of northern, central and eastern England, and seized much of the land for their own farms.
• During the same period, Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland.
Division of England circa 8-10th century
18
VIKINGS
• The Vikings came from three countries in Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
• They were also known as the Norse people. They were mostly farmers, but some worked as craftsmen or traders.
Map showing Viking movement from their homeland to the British Isles
19
20
ALFRED THE GREAT
• By 878 the Vikings had conquered all of England except Wessex.
• Wessex remained Anglo-Saxon
• Retaking back Britain
• 11th century King Knut
Division of England circa 8-10th century
21
THE END OF THE VIKINGS
• Vikings in Scotland remained for
hundreds of years
• They were driven from the mainland in
the mid-12th century,
Illustration of a Viking ship
Example of Viking coin found on the English mainland
22
THE END OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS
• The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in 1066.
• Duke William of Normandy (France)
• This was the beginning of the Norman period in
English history.
The Bayeux Tapestry
23
NORMANS
• The Normans were
originally Vikings (“North
Men”) from Scandinavia
• They settled in a part of
France called Normandy
• The Normans were the last
people to successfully
invade England
Map showing the approximate area referred to as Normandy
24
THE NORMAN CONQUEST (1066)
• In 1066 the Anglo-Saxon King of England died without an heir
• Two people claimed the Kingdom:
1.Harold, The Earl of Wessex
2.William, The Duke of Normandy
• William defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings (Oct 14 1066).
William on his horse in the Bayeux tapestry
25
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
• William was crowned in Westminster
Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.
• England was divided among 180
Norman “tenants in chief” (basically
“Lords”)
• William brought about many changes
in British culture
William shown as Duke of Normandy in the Bayeux tapestry
26
ANGLO-NORMANS (1066 – 1215)
• Normanisation of England, Wales and lowland Scotland.
• William's victory brought England into closer contact with western Europe.
• Stone castles became a common sight
LARP inspired by the Anglo-Norman era
27
WHAT THE NORMANS DID
• There were considerable changes in the social structure of the British kingdoms as a new aristocracy was introduced
• Anglo-Saxon central and local governments and judicial system were retained
• The “English” language
• Written English slowly reappeared in the 13th century.
Page of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle
28
KNIGHTS & FEUDALISM
• Feudalism
• The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism
1. Lords (Land owners),
2. Vassals (Knights)
3. Fiefs (Land).
• In exchange for use of the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord.
• Knights
Portrait for Walther von Klingen in the Codex Manesse
29
THE DOMESDAY BOOK (1086)
• Result of a great survey by William the
Conqueror
• He sent officials to 13,418 places to
find out who lived there and what they
owned.
• Purpose: tax collection, title & land
disputes
• Domesday was the most complete
record of any country at that timeIllustration of the Domsdey Book being written
30
THE MIDDLE AGES (1216-1347)
• England and Scotland focusing on self development.
• There were large constitutional changes
• Wales was conquered by the military campaigns of Edward I but his wars in France, Scotland and Ireland were less successful.
Great Seal of Henry III
31
THE BEGINNING OF PARLIAMENT (1236 - 1307)
• First reference in 1236
• In 1254, the first meeting of a parliament took place
• Representatives were two knights from each shire.
• Parliament development
Depiction of the parliament
32
LATE MEDIEVAL (1348 – 1484)
• Hundred Years' War
• Black Death (bubonic plague) and its impact
• Edward III
• Parliament continued to develop and English rather than French became the language of daily use
• A new dynasty - the Stewarts
Men on the battlefield during the Hundred Years’ Way
33
THE BLACK DEATH (1348)
• 1348, southern coast ports.
• spread by fleas living in the fur of rats.
• The plague reached London by September 1348 and Scotland, Wales and Ireland in the winter of 1349.
• Between 10-30% of the population died
• The plague returned periodically until the seventeenth century.
• Poorer land was simply abandoned
Victims of The Black Death
34
TUDORS (1485 – 1603)
• Known as the “Early Modern” period of British history.
• The Tudors ruled in England and the Stuarts in Scotland.
• Henry VIII of England and James IV of Scotland were both cultured, educated Renaissance princes with a love of learning and architectural splendour.
• The early modern period was an era where women exercised more influence:
Catherine de Medici in France, Elizabeth and Mary in England and Mary in Scotland ruled as their male counterparts had done before them.
Henry VIII of England
Typical Tudor era house
35
RULERS OF THE TUDOR DYNASTY
• Henry VII of England (1485-1509)
• Henry VIII of England (1509-1547)
• Edward VI of England (1547-1553)
• Lady Jane Grey (uncrowned)
(1553) (deposed, died 1554)
• Mary I of England (1553-1558)
• Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603)
Henry VII of England Henry VIII of England Henry VI of England
Lady Jane Grey Mary I of England Elizabeth I of England
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
36
QUESTIONS?
37
38
SOURCES
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/
• http://www.history.com/topics/british-history
• http://www.britannia.com/history/
• http://projectbritain.com/history.html
• http://www.great-britain.co.uk/history/history.htm
• https://lewismccaine.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/peterborough_chronicle22jpg-original.jpg
• http://c8.alamy.com/comp/C42044/henry-iii-1101207-16111272-king-of-england-18101216-on-horse-seal-C42044.jpg
• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Codex_Manesse_052r_Walther_von_Klingen_%28detail%29.jpg/800px-Codex_Manesse_052r_Walther_von_Klingen_%28detail%29.jpg
• https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/bbc/7915100/1066-and-all-that-how-the-Normans-shaped-Britain.html