Brazil to 1930- Review• Over ½ land mass of South America• Portuguese Speaking• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-1930• Struggle for control between military and civilians• Ruy Barbosa founds Civilista party but army rigs elections will not let

Barbosa win• 1910 Brazil produces 90% of world’s rubber by 1921 10%- British

plantation rubber wins out• Coffee increasingly important 75% of world supply by 1900• Low price for coffee hurts Brazil during the Depression• 1924 Communist Party emerges under Luis Carlos Prestes- “the

Prestes Column”• Dictatorship of Getulio Vargas 1930-1945 • Present Brazilian president “Lula” one of current “leftist” presidents

(along with Kirchner in Argentina and Chavez in Venezuela)

Brazil• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-

1930• Deodoro da Foseca

1889-1893• Floriano Peixoto

1893-1894• Ruy Barbosa• Prudente Jose de

Moraes Barros 1894-1898

• Canudos Revolt 1896-1898

• Euclides da Cunha Os Sertoes

• Baron of Rio Branco• Hermes da Fonseca

1910-1914• Wenceslau Braz

Pereira 1914-1948• Epitacio da Silva

Pessoa 1919-1922

Brazil-2• Arthur da Silva

Bernardes 1922-1926• Luis Carlos Prestes• (Prestes Column)• Washington Luiz

Pereira da Souza 1926-1930

• Getulio Vargas 1930-1945, 1950-1954

• Labor Party

• “o pai do povo”• Integralistas• Plinio Salgado• Estado Novo• D.I.P.• Lourival Fontes• Oswaldo Aranha• National Democratic

Union• Eduardo Gomes

Brazil

• Social Democratic Party

• Eurico Dutra• “Queremos Getulio”• Adolpf Berle• Benjamin Vargas “O

Beijo”• 2nd Republic 1945-

1964

• Eurico Dutra 1946-1950

• Getulio Vargas (again) 1950-1954 “o pai do povo”

• Petrobras• Juscelino Kubitshek

1956-1960• New capital built at

Brasilia

Brazil

• Janio Quadros 1961 “a new broom”

• Joao “Jango” Goulart 1961-1964

• Military Rule 1964-1985

• Present President: Ignacio Lula da Silva “Lula”

Uruguay- Review

• Early 20th Century defined by ideas of Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1903-1907, 1911-1915- Colorado (Liberal Party)

• “Swiss System”, Welfare State, Socialism• Other major party is Blanco (Conservative) Party• Military which had previously stayed out of

politics, takes over 1972-1985, excuse is threat of left wing urban guerilla movement- the Tupamaros- but military overstays that crisis

• Democracy since 1989

Uruguay• Jose Batlle y Ordonez

1903-1907, 1911-1915

• Colorado (Liberal) Party

• Blanco (Conservative) Party

• “Colegiado”• Gabriel Terra 1930-

1938

• Alfredo Baldomir 1938-1942

• Juan Jose Amezaga 1943-1947

• Jose Enrique Rodo Ariel 1900

• Luis Alberto Herrera 1958-1959

• Military Rule 1972-1985• Tupamaros• Tabare Vasquez present

President

Paraguay- Review• Latin American country in which Indian most

integrated into national life 95% mestizo- bi-lingual population- Spanish/Guarani co-official languages

• Isolated and dictator dominated in 19th century• Loses War of Triple Alliance 1864-1870 (vs.

Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay)- Population reduced from 525,000 to 221,000 (only 28,000 men left!)

• Beats Bolivia in Chaco War 1932-1935• Gen. Alfredo Sroessner dictatorship 1954-1989• Democracy since 1989

Paraguay

• War of the Triple Alliance 1864-1870

• Chaco War 1932-1935

• Alfredo Stroessner 1954-1989

• Carlos Rodriguez 1989

• Former Catholic Bishop [Fernando Lugo] elected president beats Colorado Party (former long term ruling party) in 2008

Argentina• “Noventa” 1890• La Union Civica de la

Juventud• Leandro N. Alem• Estancieros• Union Civica Radical• Juarez Celman• Carlos Pellegrini

1890-1892

• Portenos• Bartolome Mitre• Julio A. Roca 1897-

1904• Luis Saenz Pena

1892-1895• Hipolito Irigoyen “The

Armadillo” 1916-1922, 1928-1930

Argentina- 2• Juan B. Justo• Lisandro de la Torre• Radical Party• Democratic

Progressive Party• Luis Maria Drago

“The Drago Doctrine”• Manuel Quintana

1904-1906

• Figureroa Alcorta 1906-1910

• Roque Saenz Pena 1910-1914

• Saenz Pena Law 1912

• “Gente Decente”• La Prensa• La Nacion

Argentina- 3• Marcelo T. Alverar

1922-1928• “Personalistas”• “Anti- personalistas”• Jose F. Uriburu 1930-

1932• Ezequiel Paz• Augustin P. Justo

1932-1938

• Carlos Saavedra Lamas

• Chaco War• Roberto M. Ortiz

1938-1940• Ramon S. Castillo

1940-1943• “Rosistas”• Enrique Ruiz Guinazu

Argentina- 4• “Hispanidad”• Accion Argentina• La Junta de la

Victoria• Bishop Miguel de

Andrea• Rio Conference 1942• Juan Peron 1944-

1955, 1973-1974

• “Peronismo”• General Arturo

Rawson• General Pedro

Ramirez 1943-1944• Critica• Martinez Zuviria

“Hugo Vast:• Alfredo Palacios

Argentina- 5• Cordell Hull• Edelmiro Farrell

1944-1946• G.O.U. (Grupo de

Oficiales Unidos)• Maria Eva Duarte

(“Evita” Peron)• “Descamisados”

Nestor Kirchner

• Eva Peron Foundation

• Spruille Braden “o Braden o Peron”

• George Messersmith• “Justicialismo”• General

PedroEugenio Aramburu 1955-1958

• Arturo Frondizi 1958-1960

Argentina- 6• Dr. Arturo Frondizi 1963-

1966• Gen. Juan Carlos

Ongania 1966-1969• Gen. Alejandro Lanusse

1969-1973• “The Great National

Accord”• Lopez Rega

• Juan Peron 1973-1974• Isabel (“Isabelita”) Peron

1974-1976• Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla

1976-1981• Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato

Galtieri 1981-1982• 1982 Faulkland Islands

(Malivinas) War• Carlos Saul Menem

1989-1999• Nester Kirchner

Argentina- Review 1• Argentine economy #10 in the world in 1900• Encouraged immigration, especially from Italy,

Western Europe• Hipolito Irigoyen “The Armadillo”- Radical Party-

middle class, immigrants, 1916-1922, 1928-1930• Juan Peron 1946-1955, Military coup, Peron

controls G.O.U., Rises to power with support of labor, “descamisados”

• Influence of Eva Peron (“Evita”)- “Godmother of the poor”

Argentina- Review 2• Juan Peron falls shortly after death of Eva- Argentine economy

ruined, military takes over in 1955• Peron comes back as President 1973, dies 1974• Peron’s 3rd wife Isabel (“Isabelita”) V.P. becomes president in 1974,

ousted by military 1976- “Isabelita” is no “Evita”• Brutal military rule 1976-1983• Army discredited by loss in the Fauklands (Malivinas) War 1982• Democracy returns 1983• Foreign Debt problems• Nester Kircher- current president- leftist ally of “Lula” in Brazil and

(in a sense) Hugo Chavez in Venezuela rejects IMF rules, seeks independent (from U.S.) f. policy

• Now Mrs. Kirchner (Christina Fernandez de Kirchner) is president

Chile- Review

• Chile winner in War of the Pacific (late 19th century)• Mineral Wealth• Personalismo: Arturo Alessandri Palma, “The Lion of

Taracapa” 1920-1924, 1932-1938• 1970 Election- Salvador Allende (non-communist

Marxist) elected president on his 3rd try with 36.3% of the vote (2 other major candidates)

• Allende nationalizes U.S. copper and other companies• CIA works actively to undermine Allende (Nixon and

Kissinger)• Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990- brutal military dictatorship• 1990 return democracy• Chilean economy prosperous

Chile• Juan Luis Sanfuentes

1915-1920• Arturo Alessandri

Palma “The Lion of Tarapaca” 1920-1924, 1925, 1932-1938

• Carlos Ibanez 1925-1931

• Marmaduke Grove

• Gustavo Ross• Pedro Aguirre Cerda

1938-1942• Juan Antonio Rios

1942-1946• Gabriel Gonzalez

Videla 1946-1952• Pablo Neruda• Jorge Alessandri

1958-1964

Chile- 2• F.R.A.P. (Frente de

Accion Popular), U.P. (Unidad Popular)

• Salvador Allende 1970-1973

• Eduardo Frei 1964-1970• Radomiro Tomic• 1970 Election: Allende 36.3% Allesandri 34.9% Tomic 27.8%

• General Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990

• Michelle Bachelet

Bolivia- Review

• Indian majority 55%+• Most volatile Latin American country= 200+ regime

changes• Always trying to make up for loss of access to the sea

due to the War of the Pacific• Chaco War with Paraguay 1932-1935 (Bolivia loses)• “Tin Barons”• Left wing reforms: M.N.R.- Victor Paz Estenssoro 1952-

1956, 1985-1989• Current democracy still chaotic- Indian majority asserting

itself on issue of oil pipeline

Bolivia• Chaco War 1932-1935• “Tin Barons” (Patino,

Hochschild, Aramayo)• David Toro 1936-1937• German Busch 1937-

1938• Enrique Penaranda 1940-

1943• Catavi Massacre 1942• M.N.R. (Movimiento

Revolucionaria Nacional)

• Victor Paz Estenssoro 1952-1956, 1985-1989

• Grialberto Villaroel 1943-1946

• The National Revolution 1952-1964

• Rene Barrientos 1964-1969

• Ernesto “Che” Guevara (died 1967)

• Juan Jose Torres 1969-1971

Bolivia- 2• Hugo Banzer 1971-

1978• Luis Garcia Meza

1980-1982• Klaus Barbie

• Evo Morales

Peru- Review

• 45% Indian• Early 20th century dictatorship: Augusto P. Leguia 1908-

1912, 1919-1930• Left wing thought: Mariategui, Victor Raul Haya de la

Torre, A.P.R.A.• Left Wing military dictatorship: Juan Velasco Alvardo

1968-1975, continued by General Morales 1975-1980• 1980 Return to democracy• 1985-1990 Alan Garcia- A.P.R.A. finally in presidency-

repudiates foreign loans- economic disaster• Alberto Fujimori 1990-2000 uses dictatorial means-

Sendero Luminosa defeated• President Alejandro Toledo- 1st full blooded Indian

Peru• Augusto P. Leguia

1908-1912, 1919-1930

• Manuel Gonzalez Prada (lived 1848-1918)

• Jose Mariategui, Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality

• Victor Raul Haya de la Torre

• A.P.R.A. (Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana) 1924

• Luis Sanchez Cerro 1930-1933

• Oscar Benavides 1933-1939

• Manuel Prado 1939-1945, 1956-1952

• Jose Luis Bustamonte 1945-1948

Peru- 2• Manuel Odria 1948-

1956• Fernando Belaunde

Terry 1963-1968, 1980-1985

• Juan Velasco Alvarado 1968-1968-1975

• Francisco Morales Bermudez 1968-1975

• Alan Garcia 1985-1990

• Sendero Luminoso (Abimael Guzman)

• Mario Vargas Llosa• Alberto Fujimori 1990-

2000• Alejandro Toledo• Alan Garcia again

Ecuador- Review

• 25% Indian• Ecuador has lost over ½ of national territory

since independence• Personalismo: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra

president 5 times: 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972

• Democracy: Galo Plaza 1948-1952• Military Rule: 1963-1968, 1972-1978• 1979 Return to democracy• Recent oil prosperity• Politics still volatile

Ecuador• Gabriel Garcia Moreno

“The Theocratic State” 1860-1895

• Eloy Alfaro 1895-1901, 1906-1911

• Carlos Arroyo del Rio 1940-1944

• Galapagos Islands• Jose Maria Velasco

Ibarra 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972 “Personalismo”

• Galo Plaza, 1948-1952• Camilo Ponce Enriquez,

1956-1960• Carlos Julio Arosemena

1961-1963• Guillermo Rodriquez Lara

1972-1979• Rafael Correa

Colombia- Review

• General Respect for Democratic principles (Liberal/Conservative Parties)

• Assassination of Leftist Liberal Jorge E. Gaitan in 1948 leads to…

• “La Violencia” 1948-1966• Rojas Pinilla dictatorship 1953-1957• 1958 return to democracy• Corruptive influence of drug cartels (demand in

U.S.)• Heavy current U.S. aid to fight drugs

Colombia• Rafael Reyes 1904-1909• Enrique Olaya Herrera

1930-1934• Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo

1934-1938, 1942-1945• Alberto Lleras Camargo

1945-1946• Mariano Ospina Perez

1946-1950

• Laureano Gomez 1950-1953

• Jorge Eliecer Gaitan • “La Violencia”• Gustavo Rojas Pinilla

1953-1957• The National Front 1958-

1974• Alfonso Lopez Michelson

1974-1978• Cesar Turbay Azola

1978-1982

Colombia 2• Belisario Betancur

1982-1986• Union Patriotica 1986• Virgilio Barco 1986-

1990• Cesar Gaviria Trujillo

1990-1994• Ernesto Samper

Pizano 1994-1998• Andres Pastrana

Arango 1998-2002

• Alvaro Uribe Velez 2002-

• F.A.R.C.• M19• Pablo Escobar

Venezuela

• Cipriano Castro 1899-1908

• Juan Vicente Gomez 1908-1935

• Eleazar Lopez Contreras 1935-1940

• Isaias Medina Angarita 1940-1945

• Accion Democratica (AD.)

• Junta• Romulo Betancourt

1945-1947, 1959-1964

• Romulo Gallegas 1948

• Dona Barbara• Coup• Marcos Perez

Jimenez 1952-1958• Raul Leoni 1964-1968

Venezuela 2• Rafael Caldera 1969-

1974, 1994-2000• Carlos Andres Perez

1974-1979, 1989-1994

• Luis Herrera Campins• 1979-1984• Jaime Lusinchi 1984-

1989

• Hugo Chavez

Venezuela- Review

• Dominated by dictators in early 20th century (Worst example: Marcos Perez Jimenez 1952-1958)

• Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica (A.D.) Romulo Betancourt 1945-1947, 1959-1964

• Dependence on oil revenue• Current President: Hugo Chavez- at odds

with U.S.

Panama

• Theodore Roosevelt• Hay-Pouncefote Treaty • Hay-Herran Treaty• Phillipe Baneau-Varilla• Hay-Baneau Varilla

Treaty• Arnulfo Arias 1940-1968

• Robert Chiari 1960• Omar Torrijos Herrera

1968-1981• Manuel Noriega 1981-

1989• Guillermo Endara 1984• Ernesto Perez Balladares• Martin Torrijos (son of

Omar)

Costa Rica• Frederico A. Tinoco

1917• Rafeal Angel

Calderon Guardia• Otilio Ulate• Jose “Pepe” Figueras

1953-1958• P.L.N. 1952• O.A.S (Organization

of American States)

• Mario Echandi 1958-1962

• Francisco Orlich 1962-1966

• Jose Joaquin Trejos 1966-1970

• Oscar Arias Sanchez

Nicaragua• Jose Santos Zelayas

1893-1909• Thomas G. Dawson• Adolfo Diaz• “Dollar Imperialism”• Bryan-Chamorro

Treaty 1916• Juan B. Sacasa• Augusto Cesar

Sandino

• Jose Maria Moncada• Somoza “Dynasty”

1933-1979• Anastasio Somoza

(“Tacho”) 1933-1956• Luis Somoza 1957-

1963• Anastasio Somoza

Debayle (“Tachito”) 1974

Nicaragua- 2• Rene Gutierrez

Schick 1963• “Sandinistas”• La Prensa Pedro

Jaoquin Chamorro• “Contras”• Oliver North• Daniel Ortega 1985-

1990

• Violetta Barrios de Chamorro 1990-1996

• Ruben Dario• Daniel Ortega again

president

Honduras:• Tiburcio Carias

Andino 1932-1948• Manuel Galvez 1948-

1954• Dr. Ramon Villeda

Morales 1957-1963• Osvaldo Lopez

Arellan 1964-1968• The “Soccer War”

1969

• Ricardo Maduro 2002-2008

• Manuel Zelayas 2008 (signed pact w/Hugo Sanchez recently)

El Salvador• The “14 Families”• Personalismo• Maximiliano

Hernandez Martinez 1932-1944

• Augustin Farabundo Marti

• F.M.L.N.• P.R.U.D. 1948• Christian Democratic

Party

• Jose Napoleon Duarte

• A.R.E.N.A. Party• Alfredo Christiani• Roberto D’abussion• Armando Calderon

Sol• Antonio Saca 2004

Guatemala:

• Manuel Estrada Cabrera 1898-1920

• United Fruit Company• Jorge Ubico 1931-

1944• Juan Jose Arevalo

1945-1950• Jacobo Arbenz 1950-

1954• Agrarian Law of 1952

• Carlos Castillo Armas 1954-1957

• Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes 1958

• Belize• Col. Enrique Peralta

Azurdia 1963• Efrian Rios Mott 1982• Rigoberta Menchu• Oscar Berger 2004-

Haiti

• Haiti:• Creole• Vodun (Voodoo)• William Jennings Bryan• Roger L. Farnham• Jean Villaban Guillaume

Sam• Dr. Rosolvo Bobo• Phillipe Sudre

Dartiguenave

• Admiral Caperton• Col. Littleton W.T. Waller• “Cacao Armies”• Gendarmerie d’Haiti• Smedley D. Butler• Ecole Militaire 1928• Corvee System• Charlemange Peralte• General John H. Russell• Louis Borno

Haiti• Union Patriotique• Stenio Vicent 1930-1941• Negritude• Mulatto• Elie Lescot 1941-1946• Dumarsias Estime 1946-

1950• Col. Paul Magliore 1950-

1956

• Port au Prince• “The Elite”• Francois Duvalier “Papa

Doc” 1957-1971• Tontons Macoutes

“Bogeymen”• Baron Samedi• Jean Claude Duvalier

“Baby Doc” 1971-1986• Jean Bertrand Aristide • Rene Garcia Preval

Dominican Republic• Personalismo• “Roosevelt Corollary”• Fabio Fiallo• Sumner Wells• Horacio Vasquez

1924-1930• Rafael Leonidas

Trujillo Molina 1930-1961

• Juan Bosch• Jaoquin Balaguer

1966-1970, 1986-1995

• Lionel Fernandez 2004-

Cuba• Platt Amendment 1902• Tomas Estrada Palma

1902-1906• Charles Magoon 1906-

1909• Jose Miguel Gomez 1909• Gerardo Machado 1925-

1933• Porristas• A.B.C• Sumner Wells• Carlos Manuel de

Cespedes

• “Sargents Revolt”• Fulgenio Batista 1934-

1944, 1952-1959• Grau San Martin 1944-

1948• Carlos Prio Socarrias

1948-1952• Moncado Barracks Attack

7/26/53• Fidel Castro 1959-?• Raul Castro• Ernesto “Che” Guevara