Most actions in our body like standing, walking, running and playing, require using our bones,

muscles, and joints.

Without these important body parts, we wouldn't be able to stand, walk, run, or even sit.

What are Bones ?

• Bones provide a kind of scaffoldingwhich supports the rest of our body tissues, without them our bodies would be like jelly.

• Bones are classified as long, short, irregular, flat and sesamiod .

What are Bones ?

• Long Bones ; these consist of a shaft and two extremities . As the name suggests, these bones are longer than are wide. Examples include the femur, tibia and fibula.

tibia fibula femur

What are Bones ?

• Short, irregular, flat and sesamiod: these types have no shaft or extremities . they are diverse in shapes and size .

carpals (wrist)

hip bone

Scapula patella (knee cap )

Functions of Bones :

• From our head to our toes, bones provide support for our bodies and help form our shape.

• Bones protect the internal organs(ribs protect respiratory system).

• It has bone marrows where the blood cells are synthesized.

• Allowing movement of the body by forming joints which moved by muscle .

• it's important area of storing minerals like calcium and phosphorus

What are muscles ?

• The human body has more than 650 muscles, which make up half of a person's body weight. Humans have three different kinds of muscle

• Skeletal muscle are connected to bones by tough, cord-like tissues called Tendons, which allow the muscles to pull on bones..

TENDON

• A tendon is a band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

• When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the tendon, which then pulls the bone to cause movement.

• Joints are a place where two or more bones meet. It is a place where bones can move in relation to each other.

• Function of joints They make the skeleton flexible —without them, movement would be impossible

• They attached to each other by ligaments or cartilage.

Types of Joints:

• Fibrous joints

• Cartilaginous Joints

• Synovial Joints.

Fibrous joints

In this type of joints the bones are joined together by means of fibrous tissue.

• There is no movement between the bones such as the sutures of the skull and the teeth in their sockets.

Cartilaginous Joints

• joints where the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joints are attached to each other by means of white fibrocartilaginous discs and ligaments which allow only a limited degree of movement.

Synovial Joints

• These are freely movable joints. Most of the joints in the body are of the synovial type. There are many types of synovial joints

Cartilage

• flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans , including the joints between bones .

• THe main Function is to reduce friction in the joint with movement .

LIGAMENTS

• Strong fibers that join bones together; usually non elastic and white, but some are yellow and more stretchy .

• The function of ligaments is to connect bone to bone.Ligaments provide stability in the joints by preventing too much movement.

RefrencesDrake et al. (2009) Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition, Skeletal system .

Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness,By Ross & wilson , 11th Edition , chapter 16 the musculoskeletal system .

Basic histology,By Junqureira,Carneiro and Kelly; McGraw-hill Publishing Co.9th ed .

Adamimages.com , (Medical images)

Moini (2011) Introduction to Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant

eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup

The Muscular System , By Gillian Houghton , Powerkids Pr (August 31, 2006)