BASIC ANATOMY FACTS

Heart

BASIC ANATOMY FACTS

1. SKELETON

THE SKELETON What the skeleton does? The skeleton is the basic framework of the body. It has

four major functions

SHAPE AND SUPPORT MOVEMENT PROTECTION BLOOD PRODUCTION

SHAPE AND SUPPORT - the skeleton provides us with our shape, without it our body would have no framework to support itself on. The skeleton also

gives the body its size and in some cases can influence overall bodyweight.

MOVEMENT - some of the bones of the body are held together by freely moveable joints. This means you are able to bend your body and move about.

PROTECTION - The skeleton also protects the vital soft tissue organs of the body. The most important are:

the rib cage - protects the heart and the lungs the pelvic girdle - protects the abdomen the spinal column chord - protects the spinal

chord the skull - protects the brain.

BLOOD PRODUCTION - blood is made in the bone marrow, particularly in the marrow of the long bones of the body. Blood contains both red and white blood cells. The red blood cells carry oxygen to muscles and the white blood cells fight infection in the body.

TYPES OF BONES There are 206 bones in the body and over 100

joints.

Bones are divided into four main types : 1) FLAT BONES - the scapula, the sternum,

the pelvis, the ribs, and the scull 2) IRREGULAR BONES - the vertebrae and

the short bones of the hands and feet. 3) LONG BONES - the bones of the arms and

the legs, and the long bones in the hands and feet.

4) SESAMOID BONES: the patella – the knee cap

INDEPENDENT LEARNING

http://www.childrensuniversity.manchester.ac.uk/interactives/science/bodyandmedicine/theskeleton/

Click on the above link, look through the animations and answer the quiz questions

SKELETON DIAGRAM.

STUDY THE SKELETON DIAGRAM BELOW AND FILL IN THE GAPS ON THE NEXT WORKSHEET

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeleton_anatomy.shtml

Task: 1. Fill in the

blanks – write the names of all the bones numbered 1 -18

2.State whether the bone is a:

long bone irregular bone flat bone sesamoid bone

JOINTS AND MOVEMENT

Bones and muscles are connected through joints. Ligaments connect bone to bone over the joint; tendons connect bones to muscles.

WE can move arms and legs, tilt head and use fingers because of the joints

JOINT STRUCTURE Most joints are enclosed inside a

capsule filled with a lubricating fluid, called synovial fluid.

This fluid reduces the friction on the joint surfaces as they move against each other. A membrane seals the synovial capsule so that the fluid does not leak out.

JOINT CAPSULE

LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS Ligaments are very strong elastic

fibres that keep joints intact. Ligaments attach bone to bone.

all the major joints rely on ligaments and tendons for stability.

Tendons attach muscles to bones.

both ligaments and tendons can be strained or torn as a result of violent movement.

LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS

TYPES OF JOINTS The type of joints that are particularly

important for physical activity and sport are: 1) BALL AND SOCKET JOINT - allows a full

range of movement. E.g. the hip and shoulder joints

2) HINGE JOINT - movement in one plane: flexion and extension. E.g. knee

and elbow

KNEE JOINT - HINGE

3) GLIDING JOINT - these occur in the many small bones of the hand and feet. They allow a slight sliding motion forwards and backwards and from side to side.

4) PIVOT JOINT - allows rotation. E.g. atlas and axis in the neck.

TASK: the picture shows: 1: Shoulder joint -ball

and socket 2: Elbow joint - hinge

joint

can you name another ball and socket and hinge joint?

MUSCLES

MUSCLES Every movement of your body depends on

muscles. There are three different types of muscles:

1 ) INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE (SMOOTH) - is found in the body’s internal organs – stomach, intestines. It is control by spinal cord and we can’t control it consciously

2) VOLUNTARY OR SKELETAL MUSCLE (also known as ‘striped’ or ‘striated’ muscle) - mainly found attached to the skeleton, capable of rapid contraction which cause skeletal movement. It is under our conscious control.

3) CARDIAC MUSCLE - is only found in the heart and is also involuntary. It never stops working until we die. It pumps blood from our heart around the body.

We can train cardiac muscle through cardio (dynamic exercise – running, jumping, rowing)

HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES WORK? muscles can only create movement in one

direction - by becoming shorter. This means that you need two muscles at every joint to allow movement in two directions.

Therefore MUSCLES WORK IN PAIRS. For example, when your biceps CONTRACT it makes your elbow flex pulling your forearm up. To allow your elbow to extend, you need your triceps to CONTRACT and pull your arm back down. Meaning the biceps are RELAXING.

INDEPENDENT WORK: USE THE DIAGRAMS IN THE LINK BELOW TO STUDY MUSCLES

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/muscle_anatomy.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/muscle_anatomy_back.shtml

INDEPENDENT WORK: NAME THE MAIN MUSCLES IN THE BODY

THE HEART

THE HEART IS A MUSCLE…. It is found to the left of the middle of

your chest. It is about the size of your fist. It is the PUMP of the body!

WHY IS THE HEART SO SPECIAL? The heart sends blood around the body.

The blood supplies the body with the oxygen and

nutrients it needs, carries away waste and fights infections.

SO HOW DOES THE HEART WORK? The heart acts like a pump….well

actually TWO pumps in one!

The RIGHT side receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

The LEFT side receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out and around the body

HEART STRUCTURE

HOW THE HEART WORKS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF

68qhyfcoM

BUT HOW DO WE KNOW THE BLOOD IS MOVING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION?

SPECIAL VALVES… these let blood flow from the atria to the ventricles and keep it there by closing —

think of walking through a door and it closing behind you stopping you from going backwards.

WHAT ABOUT WHEN THE BLOOD IS LEAVING THE HEART?

RIGHT SIDE

The pulmonary artery opens its valve and lets the blood flow out to the LUNGS

LEFT SIDE

The Aorta opens its valve and lets the blood be pumped out and around the body.

IS THE BLOOD ON EACH SIDE OF THE HEART DIFFERENT?

YES – When we breathe we take in Oxygen

into our LUNGS. This oxygen mixes with the blood in the wall of our lungs and becomes a BRIGHT RED COLOUR!

It will then be taken through the heart and pumped to all the muscles and organs in our body so they can use them for energy.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN OUR BODY HAS USED ALL THAT OXYGEN

Once the oxygen has been used up the blood becomes a DULL BLUE COLOUR and filled with CARBON DIOXIDE (which we need to exhale)

So the blood is carried back through our heart and to the lungs where it is breathed out.

NOW WE CAN BREATHE IN AGAIN AND BRING MORE OXYGEN INTO OUR BODY!