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Biochemistry

Introduction of Macromolecules

© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.

WORD BREAKDOWN: macromolecule

© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.

WORD BREAKDOWN: macromolecule

MoleculeMacro

Opposite of “micro”

LARGE Molecule

© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.

Biochemistry

•Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. •Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. •Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms.

Organic SubstancesOrganic substances, macromolecules, or biomolecules make up all living things.

The four groups of substances we will learn are:

• carbohydrates• lipids• proteins• nucleic acids

Organic Substances

PolyPolymersmers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomonomersmers.

Organic Substances

• OK cool, but what do “mono” and “poly” mean?

Hint: monolingual, monotone, & monologue

Mono = ONE!

Organic SubstancesWhat does “poly” mean?

• Hint: polymorphic and polytheism

Poly = more than 1

OR many

Organic Substances

PolyPolymersmers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomonomersmers.

This statement should now make more sense now that we know the vocab root meaning!

Organic Substances

Think of biomolecules as “giant molecules” formed from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules.

Monomers (links) are the smaller units which are joined together to form polymers (bike chain)

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds that have the formula

Cn(H2O)n or 1:2:1

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104

• Carbon ringCarbon ring• CC66HH1212O O 66

• Fuel for Fuel for RespirationRespiration

Monosaccharides

• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6

Polysaccharides

A storage molecule found in plants. Plants

store sugars in the form of starch for later use.

More to come about these two!

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharides

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Monosaccharides

???(coming soon)

Quick Energy

???(coming soon)

GlucoseFructose

???(coming soon)

Benedict’s Reagent

???(coming soon)

Glycerol+

Fatty Acid tails

Lipids

• Comprised of C, H, and O.• Lipids are insoluble in water. • Lipids include phospholipids,

and fats (AKA triglycerides).

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204

Glycerol+

Fatty Acid tails

Lipids

Glycerol Fatty Acid tails

What do these all have in common?Which one is different?

A

B

C

DE

F

Saturated• Animal fats• Solid at room temp• Lacks double bond

in Carbon chain

Unsaturated• Plant fats• Remain liquid at

room temp.• Has a double bond

in Carbon chain

Lipids

LIPIDS

“PHOSPHO”LIPID

LIPIDS

UNSATURATED

TRANS FAT

LIPIDSMajor Food Sources of Trans Fat for American

Adults

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

•Cholesterol•Phospholipids•Fats: Saturated Unsaturated

Stored energyInsulationCell Components

FatsOils Waxes

Sudan IIIBrown paper

Glycerol +Fatty acids

A central carbon atom Is bonded to:

•Amino group•Hydrogen atom•Carboxyl group•R group (varies)

Proteins

Proteins are macromolecules

comprised of chains of amino acids.

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Amino acids

Nucleic Acid

Many typesBiuret’s Reagent

MeatsHormones

MuscleHairNails

EnzymesBlood Cells

catalysts transport

movement protectionimmune growth

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique

ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of

the cell’s activities.

The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES.nitrogen base

phosphate

sugar(Pentose- 5

Carbon)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or

deoxyribose (DNA).

NUCLEIC ACIDS

PHOSPHATE GROUP

NUCLEIC ACIDS

The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families:

• 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring.

• ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G)

• 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen

atoms.

• CYTOSINE (C)

• THYMINE (T) – DNA

• URACIL (U) - RNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS

ATP

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

An individual nucleotide that

functions in energy transfer

(acts like a battery) in the cell.

adenine

ribose

triphosphate

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Direct cell processesProtein SynthesisCellular energy

DNA RNAATP

None DNA RNAATP

Nucleotides