BIO 255: Insect Diversity. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context.

BIO 255: Insect Diversity

I. Insect Diversity

A. In Taxonomic Context

I. Insect Diversity

A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context

- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine)

I. Insect Diversity

- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores

I. Insect Diversity

- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators

I. Insect Diversity

- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores

I. Insect Diversity

- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators

I. Insect Diversity

- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites

I. Insect Diversity

- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites

“Little things that run the world”

I. Insect Diversity

II. Evolution and Phylogeny

A. Arthropod Phylogeny

I. Insect Diversity

A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution

- oldest fossils: Rhyniella praecursor – 400mya Devonian

I. Insect Diversity

- oldest fossils: Rhyniognatha hirstialso from Rhynie Chert – 400 mya

- Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation

Arthropleura -largest terrestrial arthropod - 2m

- Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation

- radiation of insects

- evolution of flight

Meganeura monyi - largest insect ever

wingspan of 70 cm

- Evolution of seed plants in Permian (300-250 mya) and their dominance in Mesozoic led to radiation of herbivorous groups (Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera)

- Evolution of flowering plants in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic – 144-65 mya) led to radiation of pollinating groups (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera)

III. Insect Classification

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)

Poly-phyletic

A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)

1. Order Protura (Proturans)

- minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reducedDetritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil

1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)

- minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and a thoracic knob. May be abundant. Detritivores.

1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)3. Order Diplura (Diplurans)

- small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores.

A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects

1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)

- Look like bristletails (thysanura) with three caudal appendages, but a higher, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15mm. Styli on abdominal segments.

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish)

- Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects

- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back

1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back

1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)2. Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)

- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)

(Blattaria and Mantodea)

1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)

1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)

III. Insect ClassificationB. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects

- Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)

1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)

1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)

1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)5. Order Isoptera (Termites)

1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)5. Order Isoptera (Termites)6. Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)

1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)5. Order Isoptera (Termites)6. Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)7. Order Plectoptera (Stoneflies)

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

(Blattaria and Mantodea)

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

- Orthopteroida- Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe

in wing)

1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)

in wing)

1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice)

in wing)

1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice)3. Order Phthiraptera (Lice)

in wing)

1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice)3. Order Phthiraptera (Lice)4. Order Thysanoptera (Thrips)

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)

- Orthopteroidea- Hemipteroidea

- Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)

- Neuropteroida

1. Order Neuroptera (Lacewings and kin)2. Order Coleoptera (Beetles)

- Neuropteroida

1. Order Neuroptera (Lacewings and kin)

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida

1. Order Hymenoptera (Sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants)

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)

- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida

1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)

1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)

1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)4. Order Mecoptera (Scorpionflies)

1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)4. Order Mecoptera (Scorpionflies)5. Order Diptera (Flies)

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

IV. Insect Anatomy

Insect head site

IV. Insect Anatomy

1. Order Protura (Proturans)

- minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reducedDetritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil

ORDER: PROTURA

- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt; most families have 5 molts, one has 6

ORDER: PROTURA

- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt - no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea

ORDER: PROTURA

- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt - no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea - first species discovered in 1907 - 500 species in nine families worldwide - 20 species in 3 families in NA

Early woodcut by Berlese (1907)

ORDER: PROTURA

Eosentomidae (8 species) TracheateAbdominal appendages 2-segmented

ORDER: PROTURA

Eosentomidae (8 species) Acerentomidae (9 species) Lack trachea and spiracles

- minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob (“collophore”). May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.

Hypogastruridae -- the largest family in the order. These are small, plump hexapods that may lack compound eyes or a springtail (furcula). Includes the snowflea, Hypogastrura nivicola.

Isotomidae -- second largest family in the order. These hexapods are elongate and lack scales on the upper surface of the body.

Entomobryidae -- common soil-dwellers. The fourth abdominal segment is significantly longer than the others.

Sminthuridae -- body globular in shape. The family includes the garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) which occasionally damages plant seedlings.

- small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores. - ~800 species in 5 families

Campodeidae -- approximately 34 North American species, all of which have long cerci (10-segments). Japygidae -- 28 North American species, all of which have short (unsegmented) cerci in the form of pincers (forceps).

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)

- Look like bristletails (thysanura) with three caudal appendages, but a higher, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15mm. Styli on abdominal segments.

Family Machilidae

- Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.

Family Lepismatidae

Firebrat – Thermobia domestica

Live in hot areas, near furnaces and such

Firebrats have been known to live more than 6 years -- through 60 instars. It has been suggested that frequent molting is an adaptation that reduced the risk of infection by parasitic fungi.

Family Lepismatidae

Silverfish – Lepisma saccharina

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Poly-phyletic

Pinning and Labeling Insects

384600 E 3893800 N (UTM)USA, South Carolina, Greenville Co.East slope Hogback Mtn. FF# 4233 August 2011 A. Schulz

BIO 255: Insect Diversity. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context.

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