Post on 05-Apr-2018
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BIDANAGERE:
STUDY OF A VILLAGE UNDERGOING
TRANSFORMATION
Acharyas N R V School of Architecture
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Contents
Introduction
Bidanagere
Survey Methodology
Findings
Inference
Annexure
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Introduction:
The following study is undertaken as a part of an exercise under sociology to understand the
processes that the village and city areas undergo in the context of the proximity to a
primate city like Bangalore and is an attempt to capture the social structure of a village, and
the forces influencing the economic and physical changes in them.
Definition of a village:
The census of India considers those areas as rural where the population is below 5000 and
the density of population less than 400 per square Kilometer. It further provides that in such
areas at least 75% of the males of the working population are engaged in agricultural
pursuits.
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the
population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. It is normally permanent, with
fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. A village is form of community thatpractices subsistence agriculture and other non-agricultural activities.
According to the 2001 Indian census, 74% of Indians live in 638,365 different villages. The
size of these villages varies considerably. 236,004 Indian villages have a population less than
500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10,000+.
Rural village transformation:
Under the influence of urbanization, the look of many rural villages is changing. New cities
continue to form as urban pockets of farmers form and merge. Former farmers and urban
residents become neighbors. Farmers have started to accept urban lifestyles. Since there
are great economic differences between cities and villages, a large number of farmers,
especially the young and middle-aged, have migrated to the cities to make a living. Thus the
population of the villages has dropped drastically. Furthermore, there are increasing
numbers of unemployed and unemployable rural youth.
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The mission:
A team of 30 architecture students from Acharyas NRV school of architecture, left for the
mission to get primary data ,in person, on the 20th
and 21st
of august 2011.
Our objective was to do a survey of approximate 60 families. We set as our goal the study ofIndias cultural heritage, the pole about which the true life of the people revolves. Our
objectives and working methods are clearly of a socio-cultural nature. The further reports
will lead you till the conclusion.
Objectives:
To understand the social structure of the village. To identify various influences that brings about a change in the village. To understand the tradition and resilience of rural society. Explore the causative factors for shift of rural population. Analysis of information gathered from primary survey data.
Selection procedure:
A village of average population size, about 1,0003,000 people was to be chosen. It was to
be at a sufficient distant from all mega-cities. Significant ecological (i.e. hills and forest,
riverine tracts, coastal areas), social (i.e. caste, community) and religious (i.e. Hindu, Muslim,
Christian) variations of the village was also considered as a selection criteria. Uniqueness of
the village in terms of ethnic, occupational (e.g. agricultural village) and cultural peculiarities
was also considered.
Rural development in India:
Lack of livelihood opportunities, modern amenities and services for decent living in rural
area lead to migration of people to urban areas. There are wide gaps in the
availability of physical and social infrastructure between rural and urban areas. To
address these issues, the President of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam highlighted a
vision of transformation of rural India through launching a mega mission for
Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA). During his address to the
nation on eve of Republic Day 2003, Dr. Kalam visualized providing four connectivities:
physical connectivity, electronic connectivity, knowledge connectivity leading toeconomic connectivity of rural areas. PURA was envisaged as a self-sustainable and
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viable model of service delivery to be managed through an implementation
framework between local people, public authorities and the private sector. The
Government support would be in the form of finding the right type of
management structure to develop and maintain rural infrastructure, empowering
such management structure and providing initial economic support. Subsequently,
Prime Minister of India also 1 announced implementation of PURA scheme in his
Independence Day speech on 15th
August 2003
PURA mission:
"Holistic and accelerated development of compact areas around a potential growth centre
in a Gram Panchayat (or a group of Gram Panchayats) through Public Private Partnership
(PPP) framework for providing livelihood opportunities and urban amenities to improve
the quality of life in rural areas."
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BIDANAGERE:
The study was undertaken in a village, Bidanagere, near Kunigal, which lies along NH 48. It
has recently come under the town municipal corporation of Kunigal. Near By towns are
Kunigal (2.2 k.m.), Gubbi (32.6 k.m.) Turuvekere (33.4k.m.) Tumkur (40.2 k.m.). 600 families
reside in this village.
INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE VILLAGE:
Bidanagere has both kuccha and pucca houses. It has 3 Temples and 1 Masjid. Locally
available building materials are mostly used for construction purposes.
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Bidanagere has Government schools, of which one is an Urdu school and the other is a
Kannada medium school with classes up to 7th
standard. For further studies one needs to go
out of the village. For small children and infants, the village has an AGANWADI (BALWADI).
The presence of a brick and Mangalore tiles factory in the vicinity of the village has
influenced the recent construction practices of the village.
The municipality took charge ofBidanageres domestic issues, around 15 years ago.
Till such time electricity was only available in two shifts of 4hrs, once in the morning and
once after 6. Water was available thrice a week; one had to depend on local water bodies
for most of their work. Street lights were not fully functional nor were they present as much
as today. Maintenance was very poor, because of no proper municipal body.
Culverts, sewage lines, drainage were not present, making life miserable when there were
heavy rains. No primary health care centre was present. These were the major draw backs
which Bidanagere was facing.
At Present, electricity is provided, 22 hrs and two hrs are cut each day. Water supply is
provided by the municipality, each day for 1 hrs once in the morning and evening. Street
lights are provided and functional throughout the night. Maintenance is promptly followed
by the municipal corporation.
Culverts which flow around the structure of the house have not been implemented
sufficiently. Drainage and sewage facilities are still insufficient.
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The village now has one post office which caters to the surrounding 5/6 villages as well.
Community spaces are being built.
Improvement of sewage, drainage and water supply facilities is under implementation.
Concrete roads are being constructed to provide intra-village connectivity.
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.
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Survey Methodology:
Survey methodology is the field that studies surveys, that is, the sample of individuals from
a population, with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population. A
survey may focus on different topics such as preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate),
behavior (smoking and drinking behavior), or factual information (e.g., income), etc,
depending on its purpose. Since survey research is always based on a sample of the
population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the
population of concerned.
There are several ways of administering a survey and the choice between administration
modes is influenced by several factors including, cost, coverage of target population,
flexibility of asking questions, willingness of population to participate and response
accuracy.
Various methods are employed for taking surveys and each differ in the type of questioning
and answering and have their own advantages and disadvantages. The most common
methods employed for surveying are through telephone conversations, postal methods,
online surveys, personal door to door surveys, personal mall or street intercept survey and a
mix of the above.
Method used to survey Bidanagere:
The type of survey conducted by us was a door to door survey, so as to have an on field
experience. Samples of approx. 60 families of the 600 were carefully selected so as to
achieve equal representation from all communities present in the village. A common
questionnaire (as in annexure 1) was prepared by us after discussing the criterias to be
listed namely, the social, economical, physical and infrastructural aspects of the village. This
questionnaire was used to survey each of the families and to conduct a comparative study
of them. The class was divided into groups of 4 and each group surveyed 8 families
belonging to different strata and communities. The statistical outcome of the survey has
been annexed and the findings have been detailed below.
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Findings:The total number of families surveyed was 58 which constitute 9.6% of the total number of
families that the village consists of.
The following facts were deducted from the survey on Bidanagere:
1. 20.69% (12 families) are joint families where as the rest 79.31 % (46 families)are nuclear families.
Total No. of Houses vs. No. of
Samples Taken
Total No. of Houses
No. of Samples Taken
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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2. 68.96% (40 families) have a family size of 5 members and below and the rest31.03% (18 families) have family sizes of more than 5 members. However in
the sample that we studied no family had more than 12 family members.
3. 75.94% (221) are adults and 24.05% (70) are children.4. Of these 78.57 %( 55) are school going and 21.42% (15) are not schooled.5. 49.14% (143) are males and 50.85% (147) are females.6. 60.34% (35families) belong to the caste Vokkaliga, 5.17%(3 families) belong
to Sc/St , 10.34%(6 families) belong to Madivalru , 5.17%(3 families) belong to
Padmashali, 12.06%(7 families)are Muslims, 1.72%(1 family) belong to
Madigru, 1.72%(1 family) belong to Tovaishnava and 3.44%(2 families) belong
to Achars. (refer pie chart below)
7. 18.21%(53people) are illiterate rest 81.79% (238 people)are literate
Caste Ratio
Vokkaliga
sc/st
Madivalru
padmashali
Muslims
Madigru
Tovaishnava
Achars
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The above graphs read as follows:1. 17.24 %( 10) families are dependent on a single non agricultural occupation
such as: poultry, brick factory, doctor, mechanic, laborer etc. 74.13 %( 43
families) are dependant both on agriculture and other seasonal and non
agricultural jobs. And only 8.62%(5 families) depend only on agriculture for
income
2. 72.41%(42 families) own lands and landed properties out of which:61.90%(26 families) own lands below 2 and 2 acre size.23.81%(10 families)own 2-5 acres of land and rest 10.34%(6 families) own more than 5 acres of
land.
Out of these 42 families that own land, 38.09%(16 families) depend only on
rain as water source,26.19%(11families) depend only on bore wells and tube
wells , 11.90%(5 families) depend only on tanks and the remaining 23.81%(10
families) depend on irrigation systems and public water supply systems
The remaining 27.58 %( 16 families) do not have any landed properties.
3. 55.17 %( 32 families) have livestock out of which 40.62 %( 13 families) haveonly cattle.
4. 13.79 %( 8 families) are below poverty line considering their income levels.31.03 %( 18 families) belong to low income group.36.20 %( 21 families)
belong to middle income group and the rest 18.96 %( 11 families) belong to
high income/well to do group. (refer pie chart below)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Series 4
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43.10 %( 25 families) have kuccha houses and remaining 56.89 %( 33 families)
have pucca house.
5. 89.65 %( 52 families) have own houses and the remaining 10.34 %( 6 families)have rented houses.
6. 93.10%(54 houses) are well connected with services like electricity and watersupply
7. Which 85.71 %( 18 families) have undergone physical mobility/migratedto/within Kunigal and Bangalore. The rest 14.28 %( 3 families) have
undergone physical mobility within the village.
8. 36.20 %( 21 families) have undergone physical mobility.9. 34.48 %( 20 families) have undergone economic mobility.
Other non- tabulated facts:
37.11%(108)are employed and 41.58%(121) are dependant out of which 62.81%(76)are dependant as they are children and 37.19%(45) are dependant as they are old
age people
Out of the 238 literate people,19.32%(46 people) have studied up to 5thclass.29.41%(70people) have studied up to 10
thclass24.79%(59 people) have studied
up to 12th
and the remaining 18.06%(43 people ) have done higher
studies/graduation. 55.17 %( 32 families) have livestock out of which 40.62 %( 13 families) have only
cattle.
Main expenditure of a family is: for 39.65%(23 families) food onlyfor 10.34%(6 families) education only
for 43.10%(25 families) food & education and others
for 6.89%(4 families) food and other expenditures
58.62 %( 34 families) own vehicles (including bullock carts) out of which 50 %( 17families) own 2/3 wheelers only.14.70 %( 5 families) own both 2/3 and 4/6 wheelers.
5.88 %( 2 families) own bullock carts only. In the sample we studied, there was nofamily that owned only a 4/6 wheeler vehicle.
Economic levels
Below poverty line
low Income
Middle Income
High Income
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34.48 %( 20 families) have undergone economic mobility.35 %( 7 families) haveundergone economic mobility due to the physical mobility.
The locally available materials are brick, hollow bricks, bamboo, mud blocks,Mangalore tiles, stones.
The village consists of dry and wet lands, natural reservoirs, lakes, wells and ponds.There are totally about 8 lakes and ponds are used for domestic and irrigation
purposes.
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INFERENCESThe collected samples, accounting to nearly 10% of the total village population, give us a fair
idea about the demographics and transitional status of the village. Since care was taken to
ensure that no family is surveyed twice and that all the pockets of the village have a
representation, this study can be taken as the basis of determining the status of the entire
village.
From the facts arrived at after consolidation of the survey data the following inferences
were made,
SOCIAL ASPECTS
The no. of joint families residing in the village has seen a fall over the years and there seems
to be an increase in the number of nuclear families. This can be seen in the ratio of the joint
families to the nuclear families, 6:13. The population of each family is fairly controlled with
approximately 70 % of the families having 5 members and none of the families surveyed
contained more than 12 members. The ratio of the number of adults in the village to the
number of children is 221:70 meaning every fourth person in the village was a child.
The ratio of males to females being fairly equal indicates the social improvement of the
village and also indicates that female infanticide which is prevalent in many Indian villages is
not practiced here. An applaudable fact about the village is that women are given an almost
equal stand as men. Some families even practice the matriarchal form of society.
The number of dependants in the village is however more than the in-dependent members.
The categories of people falling under the dependant group are children, old aged people
and handicapped people. Quite a few families had handicapped members who were
completely dependent on others. While some families had admitted their handicapped
members in rehabilitation centers in Bangalore, some took the burden of caring for then on
themselves.
The Vokkaliga community makes up the majority of the population, with Muslims ,
Madivalru ,Sc/St , Padmashali, Achars, Madigru and Tovaishnava filling the remaining(in
descending order of their nos.)
EDUCATION
When it came to educating children though progress has been made over the years, the
village still has a long way to go considering 3 out of every 11 children are not schooled. It is
to be however noted that children who have not reached the age for schooling have not
been included among the unschooled.
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The literacy rate of the village is 81%, out of which 19% have the bare minimum education
of 5th
standard and 18% with a proper degree or qualification. While most educated people
have migrated too towns and cities in search of better livelihood, some have stayed back to
continue their traditional family occupation of agriculture.
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
Most families of the village depended on agriculture for their livelihood (75%) while only
17% of the families depended on non agricultural jobs, which includes brick factory, dhobis
etc. the percentage of people depending on agriculture was 8%. Most families with
agricultural background depended on rain for their fields and during off season worked as
daily labors. Very few families depended on bore wells, public water systems and tanks.
70% of the families have landed properties, majority of the having 1 acre or less. 27.586%
families do not have landed properties. 55% of the families own livestock, which includebuffalos, cows and hens. When it comes to the income levels a majority of the families fall
under the low income and middle income groups (combined total of approx 68 %). While
18% receive high income, mostly through agriculture, 13% fall under the below poverty line.
Nearly 60% reside in pucca houses with almost 90% self-owned residences.
Public services like water supply and electricity are enjoyed by about 94% of the families,
while the remaining 6%, mostly belonging to the below poverty line group receive only a
meager amount of services, for example, water is supplied to them for only about half an
hour per day per street.
The primary expenditure of the families is for food and education. While the factory workers
enjoy ESI facilities and other perks provided by the factory, the others have no such
facilities.
58.621 %( 34 families) own vehicles (including bullock carts) out of which 50 %( 17 families)
own 2/3 wheelers only. 14.706 %( 5 families) own both 2/3 and 4/6 wheelers. 5,882 %( 2
families) own bullock carts only. In the sample we studied, there was no family that owned
only a 4/6 wheeler vehicle.
MOBILITY
36.207% (21 families) have migrated within and out of the village. While 85.714% have
migrated to other towns and cities, mainly Kunigal and Bangalore, 14.286% have merely
changed their location within the village. The people migrated from the village have
migrated mainly for employment and marital reasons. Very few families of the migrated
people have been economically improved from the change. However, socially their status
has improved greatly due to the pride factor attached with migration of family members to
towns and cities. Therefore it can be said that migration has opened its doors for social
mobility while economical mobility due to migration is rare as only 7 families have
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benefitted from it. Nevertheless 34.483% have undergone economical mobility due to
various other factors other than migration.
Therefore, it can be inferred that, Bidanagere is one of the gradually improving villages of
Karnataka, which has evolved greatly in the social and economical spheres, though there is
still a long way to go.
THE END
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Annexure:
ACHARYAS NRV SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
VILLAGE CASE STUDY/ SURVEY - BIDANAGERE
NAME OF THE RESPONDENT:
AGE: SEX:
RELATION TO THE FAMILY:
FAMILY DETAILS
HEAD OF THE FAMILY:
NO. OF MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY:
SI. NO. NAME AGE SEX EDU. QUAL. OCCUPATION OTHER
FAMILY STRUCTURE (JOINT/NUCLEAR):
CASTE:
NO. OF EDUCATED MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY:
NO. OF EARNING MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY:
MIGRANTS (IF ANY):
PLACE OF MIGRATED TO:
MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THE FAMILY
AGRICULTURE: MINING: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:
HUNTING: TRADING:
COTTAGE INDUSTRY (SPECIFY):
OTHER (SPECIFY):
TYPE OF INCOME
DAILY WAGE: SELF EMPLOYMENT:
JOINT STOCK: EMPLOYER:
MONTHLY INCOME FOR THE FAMILY:MONTHLY EXPENDITURE:
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TYPE OF DWELLING
KUCCHA HOUSE:
PUKKA HOUSE: (SPECIFY TYPE):
STATUS ABOUT THE OWNERSHIP OF THE STRUCTURE
OWN: LEASE:
RENT: OTHER (SPECIFY):
PROPERTY OWNED
LAND: VEHICLES:
BUILDINGS: LIVESTOCK:
OTHER:
MAIN EXPENDITURE
FOOD: SHELTER: CLOTHING:ENTERTAINMENT: EDUCATION:
OTHER (SPECIFY):
FACTOR AFFECTING ECONOMIC STATUS OF FAMILY:
ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE FAMILY IN YHE PAST:
RATE OF IMPROVEMENT:
EXPECTED OUTCOME IN FUTURE:
RESOURCES
WHAT KIND OF LAND DO THEY POSSESS?
WET LAND: DRY LAND: IRRIGATED:
NON-IRRIGATED: OTHERS (SPECIFY):
WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF THEIR LAND?
SOURCES OF WATER TO THEIR LAND/ FIELDS
TUBE WELL: BOREWELL: WELLS:
RIVER/CANAL:
WHAT KNID OF CROPS ARE GROWN?
ANNUAL: HALF YEARLY: QUATERLY:SEASONAL:
SPECIFY CROP:
SURROUNDING VEGETATION:
SOURCES OF WATER FOR HOUSES:
DRINKING:
FOR OTHER ACTIVITIES:
ELECTRICITY
DURATION OF POWER SUPPLY:
PHASE IN WHICH IT IS SUPPLIED:
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GENERAL VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS
HEALTH CENTRES
NO. OF HEALTH CENTRES:
MAINTENANCE:LOCATION:
NO. OF DOCTORS:
NO. OF PEOPLE VISITING PER DAY:
IS THERE A MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL NEARBY?
HOW IS THE SERVICE PROVIDED?
SCHOOLS
NO. OF SCHOOLS MAINTENANCE:
TYPES OF SCHOOLS: PRIMARY SECONDARY
LOCATION:
NO. OF STUDENTS: NO. OF TEACHERS (STAFF):
DO THEY HAVE BASIC NECESSITIES?
SERVICE AREAS
IS WATER SUPPLY REGULAR?
WATER SUPPY: MUNCIPAL BOREWELL
ARE THERE ANY WATER TANKS NEARBY?
HOW IS THE SANITARY SYSTEM DONE?
IS IT MAINTAINED PROPERLY?WHERE & HOW ARE THE WASTES DISPOSED?
IS ELECTRIC POWER SUPPY REGULAR?
MAINTENANCE: SAFETY:
HOW IS THE WIRING DONE?
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:
TELEPHONE BOOTHS:
OFFICE BUILDINGS:
ARE THE AGRICULTURAL LANDS WELL EQUIPPED?
ARE EASY & ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES USED?
IS THERE ANY AGRO BASED OFFICE:
ARE THERE BANKS TO PROVIDE LOANS FOR AGRICULTURE?
COMMERCIAL SPACES:
ARE THERE ANY SHOPS: HOW MANY:
ARE THERE ANY SUPER MARKETS:
LOCATION:
ARE THERE ANY BANKS:
ANY POST OFFICES: REGIONAL OFFICES:
IS THERE A GOVERNANCE OR PANCHAYAT OFFICE:NO. OF PEOPLE WORKING IN THESE OFFICES
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OTHER COMMON AREAS
PLAYGROUNDS: LOCATION:
HOW MANY TEMPLES ARE THERE: LOCATION:
HOW OFTEN ARE THERE FESTIVALS CELEBRATIONS?NO. OF PEOPLE PARTICIPATING IN IT:
ARE THERE ANY COMMUNITY HALLS (FUNCTION HALLS)?
LOCATION: CAPACITY:
ARE THERE ANY OTHER COMMON WORK SPACES:
ARE THERE ANY SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES:
OF WHAT TYPE ARE THEY?
NO. OF PEOPLE WORKING IN IT: IS IT BENEFICIAL:
WHERE IS IT LOCATED?
HOW ARE THESE PLACES DEVELOPED?
WHEN WERE THESE DEVELOPED?PAST STATE OF THE VILLAGE:
PRESENT STATE OF THE VILLAGE:
WHAT ARE THE INFRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAST FEW YEARS (5 YRS)?
ARE THE CHANGES FACILITATING & SATISFACTORY:
ARE THERE ANY FUTURE DEVELOPMENTAL PLANS: