Post on 21-Dec-2015
Beyond GNP and Current Beyond GNP and Current HDI: HDI: An Overview of The An Overview of The Capabilities Measurement Capabilities Measurement ProjectProject
Paul AnandPaul AnandEconomics, The Open Economics, The Open University andUniversity andHERC, Oxford UniversityHERC, Oxford University
Oxford University Workshop on Oxford University Workshop on Measurement of Freedom May 2008Measurement of Freedom May 2008
Open University and University of PaviaOpen University and University of PaviaWorkshop on Capabilities and Health, Workshop on Capabilities and Health,
Pavia 2008Pavia 2008
AHRB Funded WorkAHRB Funded Work
Key collaborators:Key collaborators: Ian Carter, Universita di PaviaIan Carter, Universita di Pavia Keith Dowding, London School of EconomicsKeith Dowding, London School of Economics Francesco Guala, Exeter UniversityFrancesco Guala, Exeter University Martin van Hees, Groningen UniversiteitMartin van Hees, Groningen Universiteit Graham Hunter, The Open UniversityGraham Hunter, The Open University
with help from Maria Sigala (Oxford), Ingrid with help from Maria Sigala (Oxford), Ingrid Robeyns (Leiden), Ron Smith (Birkbeck) and Robeyns (Leiden), Ron Smith (Birkbeck) and Cristina Santos (UCL/Open) and Amartya Cristina Santos (UCL/Open) and Amartya Sen!Sen!
Some publicationsSome publications
EconomicaEconomicaHealth EconomicsHealth EconomicsJournal of Health EconomicsJournal of Health EconomicsSocial Science and MedicineSocial Science and MedicineSocial Indicators ResearchSocial Indicators ResearchJournal of Medical EthicsJournal of Medical EthicsJournal of Human Development (forthcoming)Journal of Human Development (forthcoming)Chapter in Festschrift for Amartya Sen Chapter in Festschrift for Amartya Sen
Arguments for a Better World, OUP, Basu Arguments for a Better World, OUP, Basu and Kanbur, (forthcoming) and Kanbur, (forthcoming)
MotivationMotivation
Problems with Expected Utility Problems with Expected Utility TheoryTheory
Challenges to National Income Challenges to National Income Measurement (work in UK and OECD)Measurement (work in UK and OECD)
Operationalising capabilities Operationalising capabilities approach in high income countriesapproach in high income countries
National Income Accounting
WilliamPetty
1600s RichardStone
1930son
Environ-mental
Criticismsof GDP
1970s SocialIndicatorsMovement
1980s on
AmartyaSen
CapabilitiesandHDI
1985/90-
Limits to Gross National Limits to Gross National Product per capitaProduct per capita Ignores defensive expendituresIgnores defensive expenditures Ignores value of household workIgnores value of household work Ignores differences in needsIgnores differences in needs Emphasises material affluence (eg ignores qol at work, rights Emphasises material affluence (eg ignores qol at work, rights
violations)violations)
Measures monetary value of production or cost of consumption but Measures monetary value of production or cost of consumption but measurement of human welfare could be improvedmeasurement of human welfare could be improved
GDPGDPSatellite Accounts, Social Accounting Matrices (non-monetary Satellite Accounts, Social Accounting Matrices (non-monetary indicators as complements)indicators as complements)
HDIHDIMore dimensions, breakdownsMore dimensions, breakdowns
Limits to Gross National Limits to Gross National ProductProduct
Capabilities Measurement Capabilities Measurement Project (Summary to Date)Project (Summary to Date)
Phase I (2000-2006)Phase I (2000-2006)primary and secondary dataprimary and secondary datadevise methodology for capability assessmentdevise methodology for capability assessmentconduct national UK survey using OCAPconduct national UK survey using OCAPexplore some econometric issues associated with use of explore some econometric issues associated with use of capability datacapability data
Phase II (2006-Phase II (2006-extending applications of capabilities measurement (OCAP extending applications of capabilities measurement (OCAP family)family)
short form version (Glasgow)short form version (Glasgow)Spanish translation (Buenos Aires)Spanish translation (Buenos Aires)further applications (e.g. mental health in Oxford, further applications (e.g. mental health in Oxford,
housing in housing in social policy) analysissocial policy) analysis
Some Early WorkSome Early Work
Human Development IndexHuman Development Index
Schokkaert and van Ootegem (1990)Schokkaert and van Ootegem (1990) Enrica Chiappero Martinetti (1994, 2000)Enrica Chiappero Martinetti (1994, 2000) Laderchi (1997)Laderchi (1997) Kuklys (2005)Kuklys (2005)
Brandolini and D’Alessio (1999)Brandolini and D’Alessio (1999)
““The purpose is to assess the operational content of the approach ie The purpose is to assess the operational content of the approach ie the empirical methods to measure functionings and capabilities…the empirical methods to measure functionings and capabilities…much of what one can do depends the available data….we discussed much of what one can do depends the available data….we discussed the practical difficulties of moving to capabilities and proposed to the practical difficulties of moving to capabilities and proposed to remain in the (refined) functionings space.”remain in the (refined) functionings space.”
Source: Plenary paper given to the International Economics Source: Plenary paper given to the International Economics Association Congress, Buenos AiresAssociation Congress, Buenos Aires
Theory (Sen 1985 pp11-Theory (Sen 1985 pp11-4)4)ui = hi(.)ui = hi(.)ui is ‘happiness enjoyed’ui is ‘happiness enjoyed’hi (fi(c(xi)))hi (fi(c(xi)))
xi is vector of commodities xi is vector of commodities possessed by ipossessed by i
c(.) converts commodity vector c(.) converts commodity vector into vector of into vector of characteristicscharacteristics
fi(.) reflects one pattern of use fi(.) reflects one pattern of use Fi Fi
““Qi represents the freedom a Qi represents the freedom a person has in terms of the person has in terms of the choice of functionings, choice of functionings, given his personal features given his personal features Fi…and his command over Fi…and his command over commodities Xi.”commodities Xi.”
Theory (Sen 1985 pp11-Theory (Sen 1985 pp11-4)4)ui = hi(.)ui = hi(.)ui is ‘happiness enjoyed’ui is ‘happiness enjoyed’hi (fi(c(xi)))hi (fi(c(xi)))
xi is vector of commodities possessed by ixi is vector of commodities possessed by ic(.) converts commodity vector into vector of c(.) converts commodity vector into vector of
characteristicscharacteristicsfi(.) reflects one pattern of use fi(.) reflects one pattern of use Fi Fi
““Qi represents the freedom a person has in terms of the Qi represents the freedom a person has in terms of the choice of functionings, given his personal features choice of functionings, given his personal features Fi…and his command over commodities Xi.”Fi…and his command over commodities Xi.”
Our approachOur approach1. Elicit indicators of Qi, Ci,j where j = 1…60+1. Elicit indicators of Qi, Ci,j where j = 1…60+2. Estimate lsi = hs(Ci,j)2. Estimate lsi = hs(Ci,j)where s in hs is null or allows only partial where s in hs is null or allows only partial heterogeneityheterogeneity
A. Anand and van Hees A. Anand and van Hees (2006)(2006)
Question TypesQuestion TypesAchievements and ScopeAchievements and ScopePerceived distribution of scopePerceived distribution of scope
DomainsDomainsHappinessHappinessSuccessSuccessHealthHealthIntellectual StimulationIntellectual StimulationSocial RelationsSocial RelationsEnvironmentsEnvironmentsPersonal IntegrityPersonal IntegrityOverall OptionsOverall Options
ModelsModelsOverall Options SatisfactionOverall Options SatisfactionIndividual AchievementsIndividual Achievements
QuestionsQuestions
a.a. Generally, my life is happy (strongly agree...)Generally, my life is happy (strongly agree...)b.b. I feel the scope to seek happiness in my life is I feel the scope to seek happiness in my life is
(very good…)(very good…)c. The proportion of the population who have severely limited c. The proportion of the population who have severely limited
opportunities to seek happiness is (0-9%,…)opportunities to seek happiness is (0-9%,…)
a. I have satisfying social relations (strongly agree…)a. I have satisfying social relations (strongly agree…)b. I feel the scope to form satisfying social relations in my life is b. I feel the scope to form satisfying social relations in my life is
(very good…)(very good…)c. The proportion of the population who have severely limited c. The proportion of the population who have severely limited
opportunities to form satisfying social relations is (0-9%)opportunities to form satisfying social relations is (0-9%)
a. I live a health life for my age (strongly agree…)a. I live a health life for my age (strongly agree…)b. I feel the scope to live a healthy life for my age is (very good…)b. I feel the scope to live a healthy life for my age is (very good…)c. The proportion of the population who have severely limited c. The proportion of the population who have severely limited
opportunities to live healthy lives for their age is (0-9%)opportunities to live healthy lives for their age is (0-9%)
Some ConclusionsSome ConclusionsEach achievement is a function of its respective Each achievement is a function of its respective
capabilitycapability
Estimates of other capabilities are often anchored Estimates of other capabilities are often anchored on own capabilities with notable exceptionson own capabilities with notable exceptions
Greatest scope: health/environmentGreatest scope: health/environmentLeast scope: social relations/personal integrityLeast scope: social relations/personal integrity
Issues to be AddressedIssues to be Addressed Sample SizeSample Size Secondary DataSecondary Data Question TypeQuestion Type
B. Anand Hunter and B. Anand Hunter and Smith (2005) Smith (2005) Social Social Indicators ResearchIndicators Research
AimAim
Explore links between Explore links between satisfaction and capabilities satisfaction and capabilities using BHPS datausing BHPS data
Econometric ApproachEconometric Approach
s = a + s = a + bCbC + e + e
s = a + s = a + bCbC + + cPcP + e + e
pjhat = sj-sjhat j=10 life domainspjhat = sj-sjhat j=10 life domains
s = a + s = a + bCbC + + cPhatcPhat + e + e
Hausman Wu Test for endogeneity: c=0 Hausman Wu Test for endogeneity: c=0
Adaptation IssuesAdaptation Issues
If Complete and Instantaneous ‘Goods’ would If Complete and Instantaneous ‘Goods’ would have no observable impact on life have no observable impact on life satisfactionsatisfaction
There is some evidence of adaptation There is some evidence of adaptation especially to improvements so capabilities especially to improvements so capabilities which impact life satisfaction are only the which impact life satisfaction are only the utilitarian capabilitiesutilitarian capabilities
Two ConclusionsTwo Conclusions
Person specific effects significantPerson specific effects significant
Secondary data exists but is sparse Secondary data exists but is sparse
AHRB Project to Measure AHRB Project to Measure CapabilitiesCapabilities
Research QuestionResearch Question
Can we measure capabilities Can we measure capabilities across a wide spectrum of human across a wide spectrum of human domains within the conventions domains within the conventions applicable to national household applicable to national household and social surveys?and social surveys?
Framework for QuestionsFramework for Questions
Nussbaum’s ListNussbaum’s List
ComprehensiveComprehensive
Robust (similar to others)Robust (similar to others)
Don’t require universal claimsDon’t require universal claims
Has normative groundingHas normative grounding
Question CategoriesQuestion Categories
LifeLife Bodily HealthBodily Health Bodily IntegrityBodily Integrity Senses Imagination and ThoughtSenses Imagination and Thought EmotionsEmotions Practical ReasonPractical Reason AffiliationAffiliation NatureNature LeisureLeisure Control over one’s Environment Control over one’s Environment
Bodily HealthBodily Health
Being able to have good health, Being able to have good health, including reproductive health; to be including reproductive health; to be adequately nourished; to have adequately nourished; to have adequate shelteradequate shelter
• 2 Bodily Health• Being able to have good health, • BHEALTH (Q57)• Does your health in any way limit your daily activities compared to most people of your age?• Yes, No. BHPS• including reproductive health;• BREPRODUCT (Q61)• Are you able to have children?• Yes, No, Don't know, Prefer not to answer• If No• Please indicate the reason(s) you are not able to have children. • I cannot have children because of: Q62_1 My age; Q62_2 I have had a vasectomy / hysterectomy; Q62-3 Another medical
condition; Q62_4 My partner being unable / unwilling; Q62_5 Another reason; Q62_6 Prefer not to answer.• to be adequately nourished • BNOURISH (Q59)• Do you eat fresh meat, chicken or fish at least twice a week? • Yes/No BHPS• If No• Q60• For which of the following reasons, if any, do you NOT eat fresh meat, chicken or fish at least twice a week? [Please tick
all that apply]• I am vegetarian/vegan, I cannot afford to, I do not like eating fresh meat, chicken or fish that often, I do not have time to prepare
fresh food., Some other reason• to have adequate shelter.• BSHELTER (Q85)• Is your current accommodation adequate or inadequate for your current needs?• More than adequate, Adequate, Inadequate, Very inadequate• BCANMOVE (Q86)• Are you prevented from moving home for any reason?• Yes, No• If yes• Q87• What prevents you from moving home? • Lack of money/finances; The Council would be unlikely to re-house me; Family responsibilities and/or schooling; I could not move
out of my current accommodation because of some other reason
HEALTH STATUSHEALTH STATUS
Does your health in any way Does your health in any way limit limit your daily activitiesyour daily activities compared to compared to most people of your age?most people of your age?
Yes, No. Yes, No. BHPSBHPS
REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
Are you able to have children? Are you able to have children? NEWNEWYes, No, Don't know, Prefer not to answerYes, No, Don't know, Prefer not to answer
If no please indicate the reason(s) you are not able to If no please indicate the reason(s) you are not able to have childrenhave children
I cannot have children because of: I cannot have children because of: Q62_1 My ageQ62_1 My ageQ62_2 I have had a vasectomy / hysterectomyQ62_2 I have had a vasectomy / hysterectomyQ62_3 Another medical conditionQ62_3 Another medical conditionQ62_4 My partner being unable / unwillingQ62_4 My partner being unable / unwillingQ62_5 Another reasonQ62_5 Another reasonQ62_6 Prefer not to answerQ62_6 Prefer not to answer
NOURISHMENTNOURISHMENT
Do you eat fresh meat, chicken or fish at least twice a week? Do you eat fresh meat, chicken or fish at least twice a week?
Yes/No Yes/No BHPS with additions BHPS with additions
If NoIf No(Q60)(Q60)For which of the following reasons, if any, do you NOT eat For which of the following reasons, if any, do you NOT eat
fresh meat, chicken or fish at least twice a week? [Please fresh meat, chicken or fish at least twice a week? [Please tick all that apply]tick all that apply]
I am vegetarian/veganI am vegetarian/veganI cannot afford toI cannot afford toI do not like eating fresh meat, chicken or fish that often I do not like eating fresh meat, chicken or fish that often I do not have time to prepare fresh foodI do not have time to prepare fresh foodSome other reasonSome other reason
ADEQUATE SHELTERADEQUATE SHELTER
BSHELTER (Q85)BSHELTER (Q85)Is your current accommodation adequate or inadequate for your Is your current accommodation adequate or inadequate for your
current needs?current needs?More than adequate, Adequate, Inadequate, Very inadequateMore than adequate, Adequate, Inadequate, Very inadequate
BCANMOVE (Q86)BCANMOVE (Q86)Are you prevented from moving home for any reason?Are you prevented from moving home for any reason?
Yes, NoYes, No
If yes If yes (Q87)(Q87)What prevents you from moving home? What prevents you from moving home?
Lack of money/finances; Lack of money/finances; The Council would be unlikely to re-house me; The Council would be unlikely to re-house me; Family responsibilities and/or schooling; Family responsibilities and/or schooling; I could not move out of my current accommodation because of some other I could not move out of my current accommodation because of some other reasonreason
4 Types of Capability 4 Types of Capability IndicatorsIndicators
Type 1. OpportunitiesType 1. Opportunities
Type 2. AbilitiesType 2. Abilities
Type 3. ConstraintsType 3. Constraints
Type 4. Functionings + Reasons/ Type 4. Functionings + Reasons/ UniversalityUniversality
AnalysesAnalyses
Sex/age differences + links to Sex/age differences + links to happiness for all Capabilitieshappiness for all Capabilities
Violent crime, gender inequalities, Violent crime, gender inequalities, links to income, personality and life links to income, personality and life satisfactionsatisfaction
Health as a determinant of capabilityHealth as a determinant of capability
Dependent Variable SWB2 Capability Variables Coeff. S.Error t-Stat Prob. BSHELTER 0.27 0.09 2.93 0.00 CDASALTP -0.17 0.08 -2.01 0.04 CSEXSAT 0.25 0.07 3.33 0.00 ELOVE 0.08 0.03 3.03 0.00 EFEELING 0.11 0.03 4.14 0.00 ESTRAIN -0.13 0.04 -3.24 0.00 FGOOD 0.09 0.03 3.17 0.00 FPLAN 0.12 0.02 5.10 0.00 FEVALUATE -0.06 0.03 -2.15 0.03 FROLE 0.36 0.05 6.89 0.00 GCONCERN 0.09 0.03 2.69 0.01 GHOLIDAY 0.27 0.08 3.28 0.00 GWORTH 0.35 0.04 7.86 0.00 JRACEWP -0.54 0.17 -3.18 0.00 JRACEWF 0.08 0.03 2.26 0.02 JSEARCH -0.05 0.02 -2.20 0.03 JSKILLSW 0.08 0.03 2.61 0.01 Adjusted R-squared 0.53 Akaike info criterion 2.62 Schwarz criterion 2.73 Durbin-Watson stat 1.83
Gender DifferencesDependent Variable SWB2 Female Male Variable Coeff. S. Error t_Stat. Prob. Coeff. S. Error t_Stat. Prob. BSHELTER 0.39 0.13 3.05 0.00 0.02 0.15 0.14 0.89 CDASALTP -0.18 0.10 -1.75 0.08 -0.18 0.17 -1.10 0.27 CSEXSAT 0.14 0.11 1.29 0.20 0.29 0.11 2.70 0.01 ELOVE 0.12 0.03 3.54 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.62 0.54 EFEELING 0.04 0.04 1.00 0.32 0.16 0.04 3.91 0.00 ESTRAIN -0.04 0.05 -0.69 0.49 -0.16 0.06 -2.44 0.02 FGOOD 0.16 0.04 3.93 0.00 0.05 0.04 1.37 0.17 FPLAN 0.11 0.04 3.17 0.00 0.09 0.04 2.52 0.01 FEVALU8 -0.03 0.04 -0.90 0.37 -0.02 0.04 -0.62 0.54 FROLE 0.41 0.07 5.91 0.00 0.30 0.08 3.64 0.00 GCONCERN 0.13 0.05 2.60 0.01 0.08 0.06 1.32 0.19 GHOLIDAY 0.12 0.11 1.09 0.28 0.27 0.14 2.00 0.05 GWORTH 0.32 0.06 5.09 0.00 0.28 0.07 3.92 0.00 JRACEWP -0.23 0.26 -0.88 0.38 -0.73 0.23 -3.24 0.00 JRACEWF 0.04 0.05 0.87 0.39 0.07 0.05 1.56 0.12 MDSWORKF -0.40 0.14 -2.89 0.00 -0.11 0.15 -0.73 0.47 JSEARCH -0.03 0.04 -0.87 0.38 -0.05 0.03 -1.37 0.17 JSKILLSW 0.02 0.04 0.44 0.66 0.11 0.04 2.63 0.01 MWORK -0.03 0.23 -0.13 0.90 -0.75 0.25 -3.02 0.00 MAGE -0.03 0.02 -1.92 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.80 0.42 MAGE2 0.00 0.00 1.19 0.24 0.00 0.00 -0.58 0.56 MGHI 0.03 0.04 0.89 0.37 0.10 0.04 2.30 0.02 MRSOUTH -0.16 0.14 -1.14 0.25 -0.17 0.15 -1.14 0.26 MRMIDWLS 0.14 0.14 0.99 0.32 -0.11 0.15 -0.71 0.48 MRNORTH -0.13 0.13 -1.00 0.32 -0.12 0.14 -0.82 0.41 MRSCOT 0.13 0.18 0.73 0.47 -0.12 0.18 -0.63 0.53 PXTRAVRT 0.08 0.03 2.39 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.78 0.44 PAGREEBL -0.06 0.04 -1.34 0.18 0.00 0.05 -0.08 0.93 PCONSCS -0.07 0.04 -1.80 0.07 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.99 PSTABLE 0.13 0.04 3.52 0.00 0.14 0.04 3.32 0.00 POPEN -0.01 0.04 -0.32 0.75 -0.05 0.05 -1.13 0.26 Mean dependent var 4.82 4.80 Adjusted R-squared 0.58 0.54 Akaike info criterion 2.57 2.64 Schwarz criterion 2.87 2.98 Durbin-Watson stat 1.67 1.65
Violent Crime, Gender Violent Crime, Gender Inequalities and Life Inequalities and Life SatisfactionSatisfaction
DataData Past Experience/Future Expectations of domestic, sexual and other forms Past Experience/Future Expectations of domestic, sexual and other forms
of assaultof assault Safety in local area during day and nightSafety in local area during day and night
AnalysisAnalysis Describe experience and differences between sexesDescribe experience and differences between sexes Correlations between all indicatorsCorrelations between all indicators
Examine causes of perceived future riskExamine causes of perceived future risk Links between violence and life satisfactionLinks between violence and life satisfaction Particular link between domestic violence and income povertyParticular link between domestic violence and income poverty
Health and Capability Health and Capability PovertyPoverty
DataData Does health limit your daily activities for your ageDoes health limit your daily activities for your age All capabilities, life satisfaction and socio-economic covariatesAll capabilities, life satisfaction and socio-economic covariates
AnalysisAnalysis Capability differences by health statusCapability differences by health status
Capabilities as a function of health, income and personality (binary Capabilities as a function of health, income and personality (binary and ordered logit)and ordered logit)
Capability profiles as a function of health income and personality Capability profiles as a function of health income and personality (latent class)(latent class)
BC
AN
MO
VE
0-1
Mean
BN
OR
ISH
0-1
Mean
BS
HLT
ER
0-1
Mean
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Cluster1Cluster2Cluster3Cluster4Cluster5Cluster6
GA
GE
F0-1
Mean
GA
GE
P0-1
Mean
GC
ON
CR
N0-1
Mean
GG
EN
DF
0-1
Mean
GG
EN
DP
0-1
Mean
GH
OLD
AY
0-1
Mean
GIM
GN
E0-1
Mean
GM
EA
L0-1
Mean
GR
AC
EF
0-1
Mean
GR
AC
EP
0-1
Mean
GR
ELF
0-1
Mean
GR
ELP
0-1
Mean
GS
EX
OR
F0-1
Mean
GS
EX
OR
P0-1
Mean
GW
OR
TH
0-1
Mean
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Cluster1Cluster2Cluster3Cluster4Cluster5Cluster6
Table 6c Average Covariate Characteristics by Cluster
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6
cluster size 23.7% 20.79% 19.05% 18.30% 10.13% 8.02%
HS 78.49% 82.96% 85.74% 61.45% 67.95% 47.01%
mghi 3.19 3.31 3.33 2.93 2.86 2.32
pagreeable 4.73 4.88 5.50 4.93 5.23 4.41
pconscientious 5.12 5.53 5.87 4.9 5.42 4.7
popen 4.86 4.58 5.36 4.60 5.55 5.22
pstable 4.47 4.87 5.32 3.61 4.70 3.41
pextravert 4.09 4.07 4.84 3.53 4.14 3.51
mage 42.19 46.17 50.63 39.65 47.14 38.14
mmale 59.73% 54.22% 45.55% 40.73% 10.64% 38.41%
mrmidwls 25.05% 29.76% 20.58% 18.30% 18.99% 13.47%
mrnorth 25.15% 28.93% 28.50% 24.78% 32.82% 38.71%
mrscot 10.25% 8.05% 10.64% 12.77% 7.02% 3.45%
mrsouth 16.61% 21.57% 27.10% 24.48% 13.09% 29.58%
Table 6b Wald Statistics for Health Status and Other Predictors of Class Membership in a Six Latent Class Model
Covariate Model Diagnostic Statistics
Health Status
51.97, 5.50e-10
31.5533, 7.30e-06
42.5177, 4.60e-08
25.6563, 0.0001
30.7661, 1.00e-05
Household Income
31.0012, 9.30e-06
21.9757, 0.00053
26.8417, 6.10e-05
12.0814, 0.034
20.9303, 0.00083
Controls for Age
No Yes
Personality: pagree pconsc
popen pstable pxtravt
29.036, 2.3e- 05 24.1576, 0.0002
55.0846, .3e-10 49.8809, 1.50e-
09 19.8605, 0.0013
29.3056, 2.00e-
05
21.8305, 0.00056 60.14, 1.10e-11 50.2556, 1.20e-
09 24.708, 0.00016
Controls for Regions
No Yes
Notes Cell entries indicate the value of the Wald statistic and its associated p value respectively. Controls for age comprise age and its square. Coefficients for all models in Table 3 are available on request.
Obesity and Opportunity Set Obesity and Opportunity Set Dynamics:Dynamics:
From Rational Choice to a New From Rational Choice to a New Kind of Market Failure?Kind of Market Failure?
Technological ChangeTechnological Change ‘‘Optimal Fattening’Optimal Fattening’ Social NormsSocial Norms
Obesogenic Environments as Capabilities we Obesogenic Environments as Capabilities we value negatively value negatively
CompetitionCompetitionInappropriate Choice SetsInappropriate Choice SetsDecision utilities Decision utilities ≠ experienced utilities or ≠ experienced utilities or best interest utilitiesbest interest utilities
Obesity and Opportunity Set Obesity and Opportunity Set Dynamics:Dynamics:
From Rational Choice to Market From Rational Choice to Market FailureFailure
Initial Condition: Initial Condition: S={a,b}, D/S={a}, aPb for all bS={a,b}, D/S={a}, aPb for all b
Competition and new feasible set: Competition and new feasible set: S’={a,b1,b2}, D/S’={b1} (for axiomatics see Suzumura and Xu S’={a,b1,b2}, D/S’={b1} (for axiomatics see Suzumura and Xu
forthcoming)forthcoming)
Result: Decision Utility Result: Decision Utility ≠ Best Interest/Experienced Utility ≠ Best Interest/Experienced Utility (Kahneman et al QJE 1997)(Kahneman et al QJE 1997)
Conclusion: Inappropriate Choice Sets can result from free Conclusion: Inappropriate Choice Sets can result from free individual choices + competitive markets (New Kind of Market individual choices + competitive markets (New Kind of Market Failure – applies also to debt)Failure – applies also to debt)
Capabilities Capabilities Measurement – Some Measurement – Some Findings to DateFindings to DateIt IS possible to measure capabilities…It IS possible to measure capabilities…Some secondary data exists but more can be Some secondary data exists but more can be
generated (our work identifies steps)generated (our work identifies steps)Sen’s 3 key equations can be estimatedSen’s 3 key equations can be estimatedExperienced utility (welfare) is highly multi-Experienced utility (welfare) is highly multi-
dimensionaldimensionalCapability Inequalities and heterogeneity (eg Capability Inequalities and heterogeneity (eg
personality) can be foundpersonality) can be foundHealth is strongly related to capability Health is strongly related to capability
deprivationdeprivation
Finally…Finally…
Future plans:Future plans:discriminationdiscriminationexpand questions in leisure/nature/workexpand questions in leisure/nature/workexpand sub-population coverage to make more detailed expand sub-population coverage to make more detailed use of response categories (disability/reproductive use of response categories (disability/reproductive choice/children)choice/children)extend applications beyond England, Scotland and extend applications beyond England, Scotland and ArgentinaArgentina
In health;In health;extend EQ5extend EQ5do work on access to caredo work on access to carecomplete analysis of child developmentcomplete analysis of child development