Bergey Excel Nomenclature

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• 1. Spinner• 2. Rotor• 3. Generator• 4. Frame• 5. Yaw Mount• 6. Slip Rings• 7. Tail Boom• 8. Nacelle Cover• 9. Yaw Crank

GeneratorsDirect-Drive DC

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

GeneratorsDirect-Drive Alternator (Small)

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Small Wind Turbine Applications

• Off-the-Grid Power SystemsBoating

Cathodic Protection

Fence Charging

Wind Pumping

Remote Homesteads/Third World Villages

• On-the-Grid or InterconnectedResidential & Small Commercial

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Interconnection with Batteries & Inverter (SW)

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Rotor Diameter (m)

6 m

7 m

5 m

4 m

3 m

2 m

1 m

Swept Area (m2)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rotor Diameter (m)

0

10

20

30

40

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Small Wind Turbines

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• Micro Wind Turbines~ 1 meter (2-4 feet) in Diameter

Marlec 910F

Air 300/400/X

Small Wind Turbines

• Mini Wind Turbines1-3 meters (3-10 feet) in Diameter

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

LVM6F

Whisper H40

Small Wind Turbines• Household-Size Wind Turbines

4-10 meters (12-35 feet) in Diameter & Larger

Transitional to Medium-Size Turbines

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Jacobs 17-20

Whisper 175

Bergey Excel

Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety

• Minimal or No Work on Tower

• Fall-Arresting System

• Work Platform

• Lanyard Anchorages

• Training

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Fall-Arresting System

Work Platform

Lanyard Anchorage

The Problems of Small Wind

• Poor Productivity~2/3 that of Medium-Size Turbines

• High Cost~5X More than Medium-Size Turbines

• Poor ReliabilityReports on awea-wind-home Newsgroup

• Small MarketLittle Money Makes Improvement

Problematic

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

The Problems of Small Wind• Towers Not Standardized

Affects Installation

• Installation Not Standardized

Affects Safety

• Service Not StandardizedNon Tilt-Down

Require On-Tower Work

Affects Safety and Reliability

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

The Problems of Small Wind

• Aggressive Marketing Pushes Sales, Not Customer Benefits

• Industry Sells TurbinesNot Wind Systems--Mix & Match Towers

• Unsophisticated MarketDoesn’t Demand Better Products

Susceptible to Hustlers & Charlatans

• Owners in the DarkDue to the Absence of Metering

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

The Problems of Small Wind

• AestheticMost Need a Good Industrial Designer

• Simply Too NoisyNoisy for Their Size

Closer to People

• But They Do Provide an Essential Service at Remote Sites!

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

New Rivals to Small Wind

• Used Commercial TurbinesThousands in California & Europe

EMS (SD) Rewinding to Single Phase

Now Used in Alberta, Iowa, South Dakota

• Downsizing of Commercial TurbinesEnercon E20

Fuhrländer, Henry Dupont

Lagerwey 18/80, Dutch Farmer’s Choice

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Small Wind Turbine Test Fields• Professional or Commercial

NREL, Colorado

AEI, Texas

Windward, Utah

Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI, Canada

• Private UnfundedMick Sagrillo, Wisconsin

Mike Klemen, North Dakota

Wulf Test Field, California

Folkecenter, Denmark

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Wulf Test FieldTehachapi Pass

Wulf Test FieldTurbines Tested

Air 303/403/X.1/X.2/X.3

BWC 850Marlec 910F

LVM 6F

Whisper H40

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Wulf Test FieldTests Performed

Power Curves

Power Loss

Noise Emissions

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Small Turbine Noise Measurements

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• Meters Costly• Somewhat Complex• Difficult for Amateurs

70

80

90

100

110

dB

A (

Leq)

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Wind Speed (mph)

BWC 850 BWC Unloaded Ampair 100 Air 403 AirX

Calculated Emission Source Strength Selected Small Wind Turbines

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Calculated & Measured Noise EmissionsSource Sound Power Level at 8 m/s

1 10 100

Diameter (meters)

60

70

80

90

100

110

120Sound Power Level dBA

1980s 1990s

1999 Small

Micro H40

L=22 log D + 72

L=22 log D + 65

BWC 850

H40

AirX

Air303

Bergey Excel (7 m)

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• PMG (Ferrite)• Direct-Drive• Furling• Rugged• Various Versions• Test Reports

Power Curve

Noise

Bergey Excel S (7 m)

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Bergey Excel S (7 m)

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Standardized wind speed - m/s

So

un

d p

res

su

re le

ve

l - d

B(A

)Turbine operating - inverter on line

Turbine operating - inverter off line

Background noise

NREL

Small Turbine Noise (NREL)

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Standardized Wind Speed - m/s

So

un

d P

res

su

re L

ev

el -

dB

(A)

Air XAir 403ExcelNorthwind 100AOC 15/50XL.1

NREL

Small Turbine Manufacturers

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• Bergey• Southwest

Windpower• Vergnet (FR)• Proven (GB)• AOC (?)

• Ampair (GB)• LVM(GB)• Marlec• Juan Bornay (ES)

Bergey Windpower

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Vergnet

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Southwest Windpower

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

LVM, Ampair, Marlec

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Proven

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Ventus Germany

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

AirCon Germany

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

AirCon Germany

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Household-SizeWind

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Household-SizeWind

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Energie PGE, Quebec

Small Wind DIY Workshops

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Small Wind Turbines Must Become as Reliable and as Productive as Today’s Commercial Turbines

Paul Gipe & Assoc.