Post on 27-Apr-2018
BBN–ANG–141 Foundations of phonology
Phonetics 1: Consonants
Péter Szigetvári
Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 1 / 16
outline
branches of phonetics
articulatory properties of consonantsplace of articulationmanner of articulationphonation typeairstream mechanism
multiple articulatory gestures
the consonants of English and Hungarian
IPA symbol charts
sample exam questions
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 2 / 16
branches of phonetics
physical properties of sounds
the study of the physical properties of speech sounds(a.k.a. phonetics) has three branches
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 3 / 16
branches of phonetics
physical properties of sounds
the study of the physical properties of speech sounds(a.k.a. phonetics) has three branches
◮ articulatory (what to put where and how to get the given sound)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 3 / 16
branches of phonetics
physical properties of sounds
the study of the physical properties of speech sounds(a.k.a. phonetics) has three branches
◮ articulatory (what to put where and how to get the given sound)
◮ acoustic (the properties of the sound waves of the given sound)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 3 / 16
branches of phonetics
physical properties of sounds
the study of the physical properties of speech sounds(a.k.a. phonetics) has three branches
◮ articulatory (what to put where and how to get the given sound)
◮ acoustic (the properties of the sound waves of the given sound)
◮ auditory (how the brain processes the acoustic signals the ear receives)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 3 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants
articulatory properties of consonants
place of articulation (POA)
the location within the vocal tract where the most significant constrictionoccurs
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 4 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants
articulatory properties of consonants
place of articulation (POA)
the location within the vocal tract where the most significant constrictionoccurs
manner of articulation
the type of constriction that occurs
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 4 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants
articulatory properties of consonants
place of articulation (POA)
the location within the vocal tract where the most significant constrictionoccurs
manner of articulation
the type of constriction that occurs
phonation type
the configuration of the larynx (the glottis)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 4 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants
articulatory properties of consonants
place of articulation (POA)
the location within the vocal tract where the most significant constrictionoccurs
manner of articulation
the type of constriction that occurs
phonation type
the configuration of the larynx (the glottis)
airstream mechanism
the initiator and the direction of the airstream
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 4 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants place of articulation
place of articulation
articulatorspassive
2 lips/labial
3 teeth/dental
4 upper alveolarridge/alveolar
5 —/post-alveolar
6 —/pre-palatal
7 palate/palatal
8 soft palate orvelum/velar
9 uvula/uvular
10 pharynx/pharyngeal
active
11 glottis/glottal
12 epiglottis/epiglottal
13 tongue root/radical
14 back of tongue body/postero-dorsal
15 front of tonguebody/antero-dorsal
16 tongue blade/laminal
17 tongue tip/apical
18 —/sub-apical
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 5 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants place of articulation
places of articulation
2◮2 bilabial (p)2◮3 labiodental (f)
16◮2 linguo-labial16◮3 interdental (AmE th T)17◮3 apical dental (BrE th T)
16◮3/4 (laminal) denti-alveolar17◮4 apical alveolar (t)16◮4 laminal alveolar17◮5 apical retroflex16◮5 (laminal) palato-alveolar
18◮6/7 sub-apical (retroflex)15◮6/7 palatal (Hung. ty c)
14◮8 velar (k)14◮9 uvular (q)
13◮10 pharyngeal12◮10 epiglottal
11 glottal (P)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 6 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
◮ complete: stop (p t c k m n ñ N)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
◮ complete: stop (p t c k m n ñ N)
◮ almost complete, the gap is so narrow that turbulent airflow isproduced: fricative
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
◮ complete: stop (p t c k m n ñ N)
◮ almost complete, the gap is so narrow that turbulent airflow isproduced: fricative; there are two types
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
◮ complete: stop (p t c k m n ñ N)
◮ almost complete, the gap is so narrow that turbulent airflow isproduced: fricative; there are two types
◮ sibilant (s z S Z)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
◮ complete: stop (p t c k m n ñ N)
◮ almost complete, the gap is so narrow that turbulent airflow isproduced: fricative; there are two types
◮ sibilant (s z S Z)◮ nonsibilant (f v T D ç J x G)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
◮ complete: stop (p t c k m n ñ N)
◮ almost complete, the gap is so narrow that turbulent airflow isproduced: fricative; there are two types
◮ sibilant (s z S Z)◮ nonsibilant (f v T D ç J x G)
◮ almost none, the gap is so wide that there is no turbulence:approximant (w V 4 j)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
primarily denotes the degree of constriction
◮ complete: stop (p t c k m n ñ N)
◮ almost complete, the gap is so narrow that turbulent airflow isproduced: fricative; there are two types
◮ sibilant (s z S Z)◮ nonsibilant (f v T D ç J x G)
◮ almost none, the gap is so wide that there is no turbulence:approximant (w V 4 j)
◮ none: vowel (which we will look at next week)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 7 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
the following also belong here
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 8 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
the following also belong here
◮ lateral: more constriction in the central area, more air escapes at thesides (fricative: ì Ð; approximant: l)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 8 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
the following also belong here
◮ lateral: more constriction in the central area, more air escapes at thesides (fricative: ì Ð; approximant: l)
◮ rhotic (r-sounds): trill (r), tap/flap (R), approximant rhotic (ô õ),fricative rhotic (K)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 8 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
the following also belong here
◮ lateral: more constriction in the central area, more air escapes at thesides (fricative: ì Ð; approximant: l)
◮ rhotic (r-sounds): trill (r), tap/flap (R), approximant rhotic (ô õ),fricative rhotic (K)
◮ nasal: velum is lowered, allowing air to flow through the nasal tract(as well) (stop: m n ñ N; vowel: A)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 8 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
two major manner categories
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 9 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
two major manner categories
◮ vowel vs. consonant: actual syllable peak vs. actual syllable edge(u“
uu“
= wuw, i“ii“
= jij), but the terminology is inconsistent, sincesyllabic consonants are not called vowels (nn
"n)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 9 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
two major manner categories
◮ vowel vs. consonant: actual syllable peak vs. actual syllable edge(u“
uu“
= wuw, i“ii“
= jij), but the terminology is inconsistent, sincesyllabic consonants are not called vowels (nn
"n)
◮ sonorant vs. obstruent: potential syllable peak vs. impossiblesyllable peak
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 9 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
two major manner categories
◮ vowel vs. consonant: actual syllable peak vs. actual syllable edge(u“
uu“
= wuw, i“ii“
= jij), but the terminology is inconsistent, sincesyllabic consonants are not called vowels (nn
"n)
◮ sonorant vs. obstruent: potential syllable peak vs. impossiblesyllable peak
◮ sonorants: vowels, approximants, rhotics, nasal stops
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 9 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
two major manner categories
◮ vowel vs. consonant: actual syllable peak vs. actual syllable edge(u“
uu“
= wuw, i“ii“
= jij), but the terminology is inconsistent, sincesyllabic consonants are not called vowels (nn
"n)
◮ sonorant vs. obstruent: potential syllable peak vs. impossiblesyllable peak
◮ sonorants: vowels, approximants, rhotics, nasal stops◮ obstruents: nonnasal stops, fricatives
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 9 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants manner of articulation
manner of articulation
two major manner categories
◮ vowel vs. consonant: actual syllable peak vs. actual syllable edge(u“
uu“
= wuw, i“ii“
= jij), but the terminology is inconsistent, sincesyllabic consonants are not called vowels (nn
"n)
◮ sonorant vs. obstruent: potential syllable peak vs. impossiblesyllable peak
◮ sonorants: vowels, approximants, rhotics, nasal stops◮ obstruents: nonnasal stops, fricatives
n.b. in many languages (e.g., English and Hungarian) obstruentscome in voiceless/voiced pairs, while sonorants are usually all voiced
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 9 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants phonation type
phonation type
states of the glottis
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 10 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants phonation type
phonation type
states of the glottis
A glottal stop: vocal folds held together (P)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 10 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants phonation type
phonation type
states of the glottis
A glottal stop: vocal folds held together (P)
B creaky voice/laryngealization: vocal folds vibrating, arytenoidspressed together, low rate of airflow (b
˜m˜
A˜)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 10 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants phonation type
phonation type
states of the glottis
A glottal stop: vocal folds held together (P)
B creaky voice/laryngealization: vocal folds vibrating, arytenoidspressed together, low rate of airflow (b
˜m˜
A˜)
C modal voice: vocal folds vibrate (b m A)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 10 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants phonation type
phonation type
states of the glottis
A glottal stop: vocal folds held together (P)
B creaky voice/laryngealization: vocal folds vibrating, arytenoidspressed together, low rate of airflow (b
˜m˜
A˜)
C modal voice: vocal folds vibrate (b m A)
D breathy voice/murmur: arytenoids apart, vocal folds vibrate withoutcontact, high rate of airflow (b
¨/bH A
¨)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 10 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants phonation type
phonation type
states of the glottis
A glottal stop: vocal folds held together (P)
B creaky voice/laryngealization: vocal folds vibrating, arytenoidspressed together, low rate of airflow (b
˜m˜
A˜)
C modal voice: vocal folds vibrate (b m A)
D breathy voice/murmur: arytenoids apart, vocal folds vibrate withoutcontact, high rate of airflow (b
¨/bH A
¨)
E voiceless: vocal folds do not vibrate, arytenoids apart (p m˚
A˚)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 10 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants phonation type
phonation type
states of the glottis
A glottal stop: vocal folds held together (P)
B creaky voice/laryngealization: vocal folds vibrating, arytenoidspressed together, low rate of airflow (b
˜m˜
A˜)
C modal voice: vocal folds vibrate (b m A)
D breathy voice/murmur: arytenoids apart, vocal folds vibrate withoutcontact, high rate of airflow (b
¨/bH A
¨)
E voiceless: vocal folds do not vibrate, arytenoids apart (p m˚
A˚)
F aspirated: arytenoids further apart than for voiceless (ph h)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 10 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants airstream mechanism
airstream mechanism
pulmonic airstream
only egressive (lung air pushed out under the control of the respiratorymuscles): (ex)plosive (p t k b d g)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 11 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants airstream mechanism
airstream mechanism
pulmonic airstream
only egressive (lung air pushed out under the control of the respiratorymuscles): (ex)plosive (p t k b d g)
glottalic airstream
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 11 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants airstream mechanism
airstream mechanism
pulmonic airstream
only egressive (lung air pushed out under the control of the respiratorymuscles): (ex)plosive (p t k b d g)
glottalic airstream
◮ egressive (pharynx air compressed by the upward movement of theclosed glottis): ejective (p’ t’ k’)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 11 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants airstream mechanism
airstream mechanism
pulmonic airstream
only egressive (lung air pushed out under the control of the respiratorymuscles): (ex)plosive (p t k b d g)
glottalic airstream
◮ egressive (pharynx air compressed by the upward movement of theclosed glottis): ejective (p’ t’ k’)
◮ ingressive (downward movement of the vibrating glottis): implosive(á â ä)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 11 / 16
articulatory properties of consonants airstream mechanism
airstream mechanism
pulmonic airstream
only egressive (lung air pushed out under the control of the respiratorymuscles): (ex)plosive (p t k b d g)
glottalic airstream
◮ egressive (pharynx air compressed by the upward movement of theclosed glottis): ejective (p’ t’ k’)
◮ ingressive (downward movement of the vibrating glottis): implosive(á â ä)
velaric airstream
only ingressive (mouth air rarefied by the backward and downwardmovement of the tongue pressed to the velum): click (ò !) (think of Xixo(N!xau) from The Gods Must Be Crazy)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 11 / 16
multiple articulatory gestures
multiple articulatory gestures
double closures (two POAs)
labio-velar stop:>kp
>gb >Nm, approximant: w
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 12 / 16
multiple articulatory gestures
multiple articulatory gestures
double closures (two POAs)
labio-velar stop:>kp
>gb >Nm, approximant: w
secondary articulations
labialization: kw gw, palatalization: pj bj, velarization: mG ë (cf. Englishdark l), pharyngealization: sÝ (=Arabic emphatics)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 12 / 16
multiple articulatory gestures
multiple articulatory gestures
double closures (two POAs)
labio-velar stop:>kp
>gb >Nm, approximant: w
secondary articulations
labialization: kw gw, palatalization: pj bj, velarization: mG ë (cf. Englishdark l), pharyngealization: sÝ (=Arabic emphatics)
affricates
stop+fricative: ţ dz Ù Ã
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 12 / 16
multiple articulatory gestures
multiple articulatory gestures
double closures (two POAs)
labio-velar stop:>kp
>gb >Nm, approximant: w
secondary articulations
labialization: kw gw, palatalization: pj bj, velarization: mG ë (cf. Englishdark l), pharyngealization: sÝ (=Arabic emphatics)
affricates
stop+fricative: ţ dz Ù Ã
◮ they are commonly sibilants (like the above)
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 12 / 16
multiple articulatory gestures
multiple articulatory gestures
double closures (two POAs)
labio-velar stop:>kp
>gb >Nm, approximant: w
secondary articulations
labialization: kw gw, palatalization: pj bj, velarization: mG ë (cf. Englishdark l), pharyngealization: sÝ (=Arabic emphatics)
affricates
stop+fricative: ţ dz Ù Ã
◮ they are commonly sibilants (like the above)
◮ they are in fact not doubly articulated, but slowly released stops
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 12 / 16
IPA symbol charts
main consonant chart
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 13 / 16
IPA symbol charts
diacritics, non-pulmonics, co-articulated
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 14 / 16
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which is an obstruent?
1. A
2. ô
3. k
4. m
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 15 / 16
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which is an obstruent?
1. A
2. ô
3. k
4. m
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 15 / 16
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which is an obstruent?
1. A
2. ô
3. k
4. m
which is not a POA?
1. lateral
2. palatal
3. bilabial
4. uvular
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 15 / 16
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which is an obstruent?
1. A
2. ô
3. k
4. m
which is not a POA?
1. lateral
2. palatal
3. bilabial
4. uvular
szp (delg) intro phono 1/consonants 15 / 16