BBN–ANG–141 Foundations of phonology 8 Graphic …seas3.elte.hu/foundations/08.pdf ·...

BBN–ANG–141 Foundations of phonology 8Graphic positions

Peter Szigetvari

Dept of English Linguistics, Eotvos Lorand University

szp (delg) intro phono 8/predicting quantity 1 / 22

outline

spelling vowels

single vowel letters

predicting the sound value of single vowel lettersgraphic positionsthe basic rules

spelling alternationsconsonant doublingsilent E

quantity deviationsirregular quantity deviations 1regular quantity deviations 1: checked in free positionregular quantity deviations 2: overriding lengthirregular quantity deviations 2


spelling vowels

revision

checked (=short) vowels

are regularly spelled by single vowel letters: pit [pIt], pet [pEt], pat [pat],putt [p@t], pot [pOt] ([0] is also spelled by U: put [p0t])


spelling vowels

revision



free vowels (=diphthongs)

are regularly spelled


spelling vowels

revision





◮ by the same single vowel letters: Pete [pIjt], Kate [kEjt], kite [kAjt],quote [kw@wt], cute [kj0wt]


spelling vowels

revision





◮ by the same single vowel letters: Pete [pIjt], Kate [kEjt], kite [kAjt],quote [kw@wt], cute [kj0wt]

◮ by vowel digraphs: eg peat [pIjt], wait [wEjt], oat [@wt], queue [kj0w]


spelling vowels

revision

R vowels (=long monophthongs)



spelling vowels

revision



◮ as above with an R after the vowel: pierce [pI:s], pair [pE:], part[pA:t], purse [p@:s], pore [po:]


spelling vowels

revision



◮ as above with an R after the vowel: pierce [pI:s], pair [pE:], part[pA:t], purse [p@:s], pore [po:]

◮ various other ways: eg palm [pA:m], all [o:l], nought [no:t], law [lo:]




FREE CHECK’DR VOWEL

SMOOTH BROAD

A Ej a E: A: cape, cap, care, carE Ij E I: @: gene, gem, Gere, germI/Y Aj I A: @: dıme, dım, dıre, dırtO @w O o: o: cone, con, core, corpseU 0w @ o: @: cute, cut, cure, curb


predicting the sound value of single vowel letters graphic positions

graphic positions

free position



graphic positions

free position

V spa, she, ski, sky, pro, flu



graphic positions

free position


VV chaos, neon, trial, dryad, stoic, fluid (not digraphs!)



graphic positions

free position



VCV stake, serum, writer, skype, glory, flute



graphic positions

free position




covered position



graphic positions

free position




covered position

VC map, pet, big, gym, for, pub



graphic positions

free position




covered position

VC map, pet, big, gym, for, pub

VCC hand, pester, miss, myrtle, worse, hurry



graphic positions: discrepancies

◮ consonant digraphs often do not produce covered position:bathe, hyphen, ache→ free position(nb bath, glyph, much → covered position!)





◮ X counts as two Cs:taxi, Texas, vixen, oxen, buxom → covered position





◮ X counts as two Cs:taxi, Texas, vixen, oxen, buxom → covered position

◮ stop+liquid clusters (ie {B,C,D,F,G,P,T}+ {L,R}) do not producecovered position: able, sabre, acre, cradle, Hadrian, flagrant, maple,apron, hatred, Hebrew, secret, cathedral, Negro, metre, Bible, fibre,micron, idle, trifle, migrant, disciple, title, mitre, hybrid, cycle, hydra,Cyprus, noble, cobra, Proclus, ogle, ogre, Constantinople, appropriate,chipotle, ruble, rubric, nuclear, lucrative, bugle, duplex, cupric, nutria→ free position


predicting the sound value of single vowel letters the basic rules

the basic rules

in free position single vowel letters are pronounced free (hi, hike,hydra) or smooth (hire)


predicting the sound value of single vowel letters the basic rules

the basic rules

in free position single vowel letters are pronounced free (hi, hike,hydra) or smooth (hire)

in covered position single vowel letters are pronounced checked (sit,sink) or broad (sir)


spelling alternations consonant doubling

consonant doubling

to retain covered position

◮ fit



consonant doubling


◮ fit → fitting, fitted



consonant doubling


◮ fit → fitting, fitted; Jim



consonant doubling


◮ fit → fitting, fitted; Jim → Jimmy



consonant doubling


◮ fit → fitting, fitted; Jim → Jimmy; Vic



consonant doubling


◮ fit → fitting, fitted; Jim → Jimmy; Vic → Vicky



consonant doubling



◮ only after stressed vowels:commıt∼ commıtted, forget∼ forgettable, occur∼ occurring



consonant doubling



◮ only after stressed vowels:commıt∼ commıtted, forget∼ forgettable, occur∼ occurring,but vomit∼ vomiting, target∼ targeting, conquer∼ conquering



consonant doubling




◮ in BrE also after unstressed vowels for L:travel∼ travelling, counsel∼ counsellor (AmE: traveling, counselor);optionally for S: bıas∼ bıas(s)ed, focus∼ focus(s)ing



consonant doubling




◮ in BrE also after unstressed vowels for L:travel∼ travelling, counsel∼ counsellor (AmE: traveling, counselor);optionally for S: bıas∼ bıas(s)ed, focus∼ focus(s)ing

◮ covered position is retained even when “unjustified” (because thevowel is free): contr´ol∼ contr´olling


spelling alternations silent E

silent E

to retain free position

hated, hating



silent E


hated, hating → hate



silent E


hated, hating → hateeven when this is “unjustified” (because the vowel is checked):coming∼ come



silent E



to show that the previous consonant is “soft”

age, notice



silent E




age, notice; if the vowel is lax, the consonant is usually “doubled”: badge,edge, brıdge, lodge, judge



silent E




age, notice; if the vowel is lax, the consonant is usually “doubled”: badge,edge, brıdge, lodge, judge (or not: allege, cf. allegation)



silent E




age, notice; if the vowel is lax, the consonant is usually “doubled”: badge,edge, brıdge, lodge, judge (or not: allege, cf. allegation)

after word-final /v/

the letter V must be followed by a vowel letter: gıve, have, love;accordingly any vowel followed by V is in free graphic position


quantity deviations irregular quantity deviations 1

irregular quantity deviations 1: checked (or rarely broad)vowel in free position

in the last syllable it is rare





◮ with word-final /v/: have, to lıve (but cf. the adjective lıve), gıve






◮ elsewhere: are, allege, were, gone, shone







◮ in quality deviating O=/2/ words: love, done, come, etc.







◮ in quality deviating O=/2/ words: love, done, come, etc.

in the second-last syllable it is common and often unpredictable

atom vs. datumdevil vs. evillemon vs. demonvery vs. Verytrıple vs. discıplesyrup vs. Cyrus


quantity deviations regular quantity deviations 1: checked in free position

shortening environments

except for U, vowels in free position are regularly checked in the followingenvironments

◮ third last syllable






◮ in the syllable right before word-final -ic, -id, -it, -et, -el, -ishn,v







◮ before free U







◮ before free U

◮ before CiV, only I/Y



trisyllabic shortness

in the third last syllable typically checked vowels occur

animal, enemy, orıginal, pyramid, opera






also before the third last syllable (but these are rarely stressed)

aristocrat, helicopter, dırigible








but








but

◮ U is exempt: e.g., cucumber, juniper, duplicate








but


◮ suffixes added to free stems do not count: e.g., cater-ing, secret-ly,lıcense-s, cosi-ness








but


◮ suffixes added to free stems do not count: e.g., cater-ing, secret-ly,lıcense-s, cosi-ness

◮ miscellaneous exceptions: Abraham, favourite, obesity, hıbernate,notify, codify, glorify (note that -ity, -ify are not normally added tofree stems: sane∼ sanity, type∼ typify)



shortening endings

a vowel is checked before word-final -ic, -id, -it/-et, -el, -ishnoun/verb



shortening endings


◮ panic, valid, tacit, tablet, panel, parish



shortening endings



◮ cleric, tepid, credit, tenet, bevel, perish



shortening endings




◮ clınic, vıvid, dıgit, drıblet, swıvel, fınish, cynic



shortening endings





◮ topic, solid, vomit, comet, brothel, polish



shortening endings






note that -ishadjective is not a shortening ending

Danish, Swedish, Irish, Polish



shortening endings







Danish, Swedish, Irish, Polish (but Spanish, Flemish, Brıtish)



shortening endings








but



shortening endings








but

◮ U is exempt: music, humid, unit, strudel, except for public, and-ishn/v : punish, publish



shortening endings








but

◮ U is exempt: music, humid, unit, strudel, except for public, and-ishn/v : punish, publish

◮ other exceptions: basic, phonemic, scenic, aerobic, psychic; David,hybrid; secret; navel, lıbel, hazel, sequel



free U shortness

a vowel is checked if followed in the next syllable by a free U

statue, value, menu, genuine, contınue, vısual, fıgure, module, copula



free U shortness



a vowel is not (necessarily) checked before a covered U



free U shortness




◮ state vs. statue vs. status vs. stature



free U shortness





◮ Venus vs. venue



free U shortness





◮ Venus vs. venue

◮ Jesus vs. Jesuit



free U shortness





◮ Venus vs. venue


◮ mınus vs. mınute, cf. mınute with stress on the last syllable



free U shortness





◮ Venus vs. venue



but



free U shortness





◮ Venus vs. venue



but

◮ U is exempt: mutual, usual



free U shortness





◮ Venus vs. venue



but

◮ U is exempt: mutual, usual

◮ other exceptions: nature, embrasure, erasure, procedure, closure,composure, exposure



CiV shortness

I and Y is checked if followed by CiV

ICiV → ıdiot



CiV shortness


ICiV → ıdiotvısion, Bolıvia, coalıtion, malıcious, delırium, oblıvion, Lydia, Syria



CiV shortness



CyV and CeV have the same effect

hıdeous, lınear, pıgeon, Lıbya, Chılean



CiV shortness





note 1

as all other overriding shortening rules, this applies only to stressed vowels:e.g., lyceum /lAjsIj@m/



CiV shortness





note 1

as all other overriding shortening rules, this applies only to stressed vowels:e.g., lyceum /lAjsIj@m/

note 2

shortening rules may apply simultaneously, e.g., in copula (trisyllabic andfree U shortness), oblıvion (trisyllabic and CiV shortness), etc.


quantity deviations regular quantity deviations 2: overriding length

prevocalic length

a stressed vowel before another vowel is always free

chaos, neon, lıon, cyan, Noah, fuel



prevocalic length



with the exception of A word-final stressed vowels are also free

he, skı, sky, go, flu



prevocalic length



with the exception of A word-final stressed vowels are also free

he, skı, sky, go, flu

word-final stressed A is broad

bra, schwa, ma, fa, la



CiV length

a stressed vowel other than I/Y followed by CiV is tense (free orsmooth)

nation, aquarium, region, lesion, imperial, lotion, tutorial, fusion, Muriel



CiV length




courageous, area, meteor, cereal, ocean, arboreal, Procyon



CiV length




courageous, area, meteor, cereal, ocean, arboreal, Procyon

but

Italian, retaliate, Daniel, companion, national, ration, pageant, patriot,caviar, glacier, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Somalia, special, precious, discretion,premier



overriding length

prevocalic length overrides the effect of



overriding length


◮ trisyllabic shortness: laity, deity, sobrıety, vıolate, note annıhilate(where the vowel appears to be prevocalic despite the spelling—the His mute!)



overriding length



◮ shortening endings: mosaic, nucleic, heroic



overriding length




CiV length overrides the effect of



overriding length




CiV length overrides the effect of

◮ trisyllabic shortness: Australia, aquarium, helium, Mongolia



free/smooth vowel in covered position

free vowels before a consonant cluster (not stop+liquid!)

are usually spelled by a vowel digraph: eg east, field, waist, toast, hoax,boost, wound (also smooth vowels: stairs, beard, wierd)




free vowels before a consonant cluster (not stop+liquid!)

are usually spelled by a vowel digraph: eg east, field, waist, toast, hoax,boost, wound (also smooth vowels: stairs, beard, wierd)

[Aj] has no common vowel digraph equivalent

chıld, mıld, wıld (but gıld, guıld), bınd, kınd, mınd, wındv (but wındn),pınt, alıgn, benıgn, malıgn, sıgn; fıght, knıght, lıght, mıght, nıght, rıght,sıght, hıgh, sıgh, thıgh




other deviant words (word-final -ange, -aste, -old, -olt, -ol(l), -ost)

strange, change, range (but flange); haste, chaste, paste, taste, waste (butcaste); ; old, bold, fold, hold, sold; bolt, colt, jolt, volt; control, patrol,poll, roll, scroll, toll, troll (but doll); ghost, host, most, post (but cost,frost, lost)




other deviant words (word-final -ange, -aste, -old, -olt, -ol(l), -ost)

strange, change, range (but flange); haste, chaste, paste, taste, waste (butcaste); ; old, bold, fold, hold, sold; bolt, colt, jolt, volt; control, patrol,poll, roll, scroll, toll, troll (but doll); ghost, host, most, post (but cost,frost, lost)

miscellaneous other cases

both, Ruth, ancient, don’t, won’t, only, scarce, bass, gross


sample exam questions

which blue vowel is in covered graphic position?

1. hacking

2. hating

3. aching

4. sibling


sample exam questions

which blue vowel is in covered graphic position?

1. hacking

2. hating

3. aching

4. sibling

which word exhibits a quantity deviation?

1. pretty /prItIj/

2. Cathy /kaTIj/

3. Katie /kEjtIj/

4. duty /Ã0wtIj/


BBN–ANG–141 Foundations of phonology 8 Graphic …seas3.elte.hu/foundations/08.pdf ·...

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