Post on 30-May-2018
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Introduction to computer Introduction to computer
Presented ByPresented By
Neha MittalNeha Mittal
Lecturer (SDIMT)Lecturer (SDIMT)
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The set of instruction is called program or software.
The activity of processing data using a computer
is called data processing
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3 activities of data processing3 activities of data processing
1.Capturing the Input Data1.Capturing the Input Data
2.Manupulating the Data2.Manupulating the Data
3 Managing the output result3 Managing the output result
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Characteristics of computer Characteristics of computer
1.High Speed1.High Speed 2.Accuracy2.Accuracy 3.Consistency3.Consistency
4.Storage Capacity(hard4.Storage Capacity(harddisc,floppy,c.d)disc,floppy,c.d)
5.Flexibility5.Flexibility 6.Automatic6.Automatic 7.Deligence(24*7)7.Deligence(24*7) 8.Versatility(Many Task at a Time)8.Versatility(Many Task at a Time)
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Continued…………….
9.Power of Remembering
10.No IQ
11.No Feelings
12.Word Length
13.Reliability(40 years life)
14.Data Base (data record)
15.Reduction in Paper Work
16.Reduce cost (initially cost is high but after some time)
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Characteristics More….
• 17.Report Preparation (in org 4the purpose of preparing
business reports)• 18.Reduce the manpower and
space requirements in office.
•19.Increase ability to performcomputation
• 20.intangible benefits……….
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Limitation of ComputerLimitation of Computer
No I.Q (no intelligence)No I.Q (no intelligence)
The application logic must be understood The application logic must be understood
Dependent on human beingDependent on human being
It require a lot of looking afterIt require a lot of looking after Environment should be suitable for itEnvironment should be suitable for it
No Feeling/JudgementNo Feeling/Judgement
Its Very sensitive to dust ParticleIts Very sensitive to dust Particle
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Evolution Of Computer
Some Early Computer
* Blaise Pascal Invented The first AddingMachine(1642)
* Baron Gottfried invented first calculatorof multiplication(1671)
*In U.S Keyboard Machine WasInvented(1880)
*Herman Hollerith (Punch Cards)(1970)
*Charles Babbage “Difference Machine” Later “Analytical Engine” Speed 60 additions per minutes
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Mark I Computer(1937-44)
Also Known As Automatic SequenceController Calculator
Invented by Howard A.Aiken
Collaboration of IBM With HarvardUniversity But It Is Highly Complex nad Huge In Size Uses 300electricallyactuated switches to
control 5 operations +,-,*,%and table referances
uptill 23 decimal digits Speed .3second for “+” 4.5seconds for “*”
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Ananasoff–berry computer(1939-42)
Invented By Dr.John Atanasoff
To Solve Certain Mathematical
Equation Also Called ABC
45 Vacuum tubes and capacitors forstorage
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ENIAC(1943-46)ENIAC(1943-46)
Electronic Numerical integrator and calculator Electronic Numerical integrator and calculator
First Electronic Computer First Electronic Computer
Constructed at Moose school of engineeringof universuty of Constructed at Moose school of engineeringof universuty of
pennsylvania.(U.S.A)pennsylvania.(U.S.A)
Mainly For Military Needs To Solve ballistic related Problems.Mainly For Military Needs To Solve ballistic related Problems.
Speed + and * in 200 microsecondsSpeed + and * in 200 microseconds
Major problem of boards and wires difficult to shift from programsMajor problem of boards and wires difficult to shift from programs
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EDVAC(1946-52)
Electronic Discrete variable uatomaticComputer
Removes drawback invented”StoredPrograms”(Sequence of data storedautomatically)
Invented By Dr John Von Neumann
Different Programms Can be uploadedand executed at a time.
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EDSAC(1947-49)
Electronic Delay Storage AutomaticCalculator
All operation in 1500microseconds Invented By Cambridge University
Gp.of Professors headed by MauriceWilkes
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UNIVAC-I(1951)
Universal Automatic Computer
Ist Digital Computer
In 1952 IBM Introduce IBM-
701Commercial Computer In 1953 IBM Produced IBM-650
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Generation of computers
First Generation Computer(1942-1956)
Second generation Computer(1956-1963)
Third Generation Computer(1964-1971)
Fourth generation Computer(1971-1989)
Fifth generation computer(1989-Present)
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Generation Of Computer Generation Of Computer
First GenerationFirst Generation ENIACENIAC
EDVACEDVAC
UNIVACUNIVAC
IBM-701 AND IBM-650IBM-701 AND IBM-650
KEY HARDWARE (a)vacuum tubesKEY HARDWARE (a)vacuum tubes
(b)Electromagnetic relay memory(b)Electromagnetic relay memory
©Instruction through machine and assembly©Instruction through machine and assembly
languagelanguage
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Characteristics features of 1Characteristics features of 1stst
generation computer generation computer Fastest Calculating Device of Their TimeFastest Calculating Device of Their Time
Too Bulky In size(IRequire full room)Too Bulky In size(IRequire full room)
1000of vacuum Tubes(emit heat and Burn out1000of vacuum Tubes(emit heat and Burn out
frequently)frequently)Tubes consumes much power (1/2 watt in everyTubes consumes much power (1/2 watt in every
vacuum)vacuum)
Vacuum tubes has filament that had a limited life.Vacuum tubes has filament that had a limited life.
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More characteristics of 1More characteristics of 1stst
generation computer generation computer These components need constant maintenance.(dueThese components need constant maintenance.(due
to low mean time failure)to low mean time failure)
Commercial production of these computers wasCommercial production of these computers was
difficult anddifficult and costly(costly(1000 components needs to1000 components needs toassembled individually)assembled individually)
It have limited commercial use.It have limited commercial use.
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Some more characteristics
of 1
st
generation• Very unreliable
• Very slow speed
• Non portable
• Need a.c
•Frequent hardware failure
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22ndnd generation computer(1955-64)generation computer(1955-64)
Key hardware:-Key hardware:-
(a)Transistors.(a)Transistors.
(b)Magnetic core memory(b)Magnetic core memory
©Magnetic tapes©Magnetic tapes(d)Disc Secondary storage(d)Disc Secondary storage
Language:-Language:-
High Level LanguageHigh Level Language
Eg:-Eg:-IBM1620,IBM7094,CDC1604,CDC3600,UNIBM1620,IBM7094,CDC1604,CDC3600,UNIVAC1108IVAC1108
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Characteristics of 2Characteristics of 2ndnd generationgeneration
languagelanguage
1.1. Easier To Handle Than VacuumEasier To Handle Than Vacuum
Tubes (tubes consist of glass andTubes (tubes consist of glass and
transistor is of germaniumtransistor is of germanium
semiconductor)semiconductor)2.2. Highly Reliable(could not burnt)Highly Reliable(could not burnt)
3.3. Switch Much Faster Than TubesSwitch Much Faster Than Tubes
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Continued……….characterisContinued……….characteris
ticstics4.Consume almost 1/104.Consume almost 1/10thth of the power than a tubeof the power than a tube
5.Smaller in size than a tube5.Smaller in size than a tube
6.Less Expensive than a tube6.Less Expensive than a tube
7.Dissipate much less heat as compared to vacuum7.Dissipate much less heat as compared to vacuumtubestubes
8.Still very costly8.Still very costly
Also support machine and assembly languageAlso support machine and assembly language
9.1000 components are assembled by hand so9.1000 components are assembled by hand socommercially not fitcommercially not fit
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3rd Generation3rd Generation
computers(1964-75)computers(1964-75)• In 1958 Jack, St. Clair Kilby &Robert Noyce
Invented I.C
• I.C (integrated Circuit) Consists Of Severalelectronic components liketransistor,resistors,capacitors grown on a singlechip of silicon eliminating wired interconnectionbetween components.
• Key technology:-*IC with SSI & MSI(Medium)
• Key software:-Timesharing O.S(multiuser interface),HLL
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Characteristics Of 3rd GenerationCharacteristics Of 3rd Generation
TechnologyTechnology More Powerful than 2More Powerful than 2ndnd generation 1million instruction per secondgeneration 1million instruction per second
Smaller Than 2Smaller Than 2ndnd GenerationGeneration
Less Power &dissipate Less HeatLess Power &dissipate Less Heat
More Reliable and less prone to Hardware failure (lessMore Reliable and less prone to Hardware failure (less
maintenance)maintenance) Still CostlyStill Costly
A.C Still neededA.C Still needed
Faster & Larger primary and secondary storageFaster & Larger primary and secondary storage
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More characteristics of 3More characteristics of 3rdrd
generationgeneration
For general purpose use (scientificFor general purpose use (scientific
&commercial application)&commercial application)
Their Manufacturing did not require anyTheir Manufacturing did not require any
assembly of individual componentsassembly of individual components
It made computer affordable for smallIt made computer affordable for smallcompanies alsocompanies also
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4th generation
computers(1975-89)Key hardware:-
LSI 30,000electronic chip
integrationMicroprocessor
Key software:--(a) GUI .(b) UNIX O.S
©Clanguage,pc &network based
applications(d)LAN WAN
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Characteristics Of 4th
Generation Computers1. PC are smaller and cheaper
2. No A.C required
3. Concept of internet came4. Great development in the field of
network
5. Increase capabilities of I/O device andstorage device
6. Both for office and home usage
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5th5th generationgeneration computerscomputers
ULSI UsedULSI Used
Speed and size improvedSpeed and size improved
Portable notebooks etc are thePortable notebooks etc are theexampleexample
CDROM also emergedCDROM also emerged
www,email camewww,email came
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Characteristics of 5th generation
Portable PC are much smaller and handy thanPCs of 4th generation
More Powerful PCs than 4th
Less Power consumption
More reliableMost PCs having “Hot plug Feature”(if any partdamages than without any shut down it can bereplaced)
General purpose and fast and larger storageNot require manual assembly
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Some more
characteristics…………Use of HLL enables program writtenon computer to be easily executed on
the other PC
Includes Multimedia Application
Different price range 4 differentcategories like from child to a scientist
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Components of Computer Components of Computer
1.1.MemoryMemory
RAMRAM
ROMROM
2.Software component2.Software componentApplication softwareApplication software
System SoftwareSystem Software
Utility SoftwareUtility Software
3.INPUT Output Device & C.P.U3.INPUT Output Device & C.P.U
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MemoryMemory
Memory is a scratch pad where informationMemory is a scratch pad where informationwhich includes both programs and data ,is keptwhich includes both programs and data ,is keptwhile it being worked on.while it being worked on.
Computer memory contains large number of Computer memory contains large number of
storage spaces known as CELLS or storage spaces known as CELLS or LOCATION ,which are organized in to bytesLOCATION ,which are organized in to bytescontaining 8 bitscontaining 8 bits
it stores (1)data &instruction required for it stores (1)data &instruction required for
processing.processing.
(2)Intermediate results of processing(2)Intermediate results of processing
(3) Results for output,before they are(3) Results for output,before they arereleased to the output devicereleased to the output device
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2 types of storage2 types of storage
Primary Storage(Main Memory)Primary Storage(Main Memory)
Eg RAM ROMEg RAM ROM
Secondary Storage(AuxillrySecondary Storage(Auxillry
memory)memory)
Eg.Magnetic Disk,Magnetic TapesEg.Magnetic Disk,Magnetic Tapes
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Primary MemoryPrimary Memory
Data and instructions are storedData and instructions are stored
in the primary memory beforein the primary memory before
processing and are transferredprocessing and are transferred
as and when needed to ALU.as and when needed to ALU. once the processing takes placeonce the processing takes place
it again goes to primary memoryit again goes to primary memory
till the output is released.till the output is released.
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RAMRAM
Random Access Memory(keyRandom Access Memory(keyworking area of the memoryworking area of the memory
Also Called USER MEMORYAlso Called USER MEMORY
MAIN FEATURE:-MAIN FEATURE:-(1)It can read from or written into any(1)It can read from or written into anylocation and can be accessedlocation and can be accessedrandomly.randomly.
(2)The content of RAM is available as(2)The content of RAM is available aslong as the computer is not switchedlong as the computer is not switchedoff.(Volatile Memory)off.(Volatile Memory)
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ROMROM
(1)Read only Memory(1)Read only Memory
(2)Holds permanent Data Or Instruction(2)Holds permanent Data Or Instruction
(3)Information is permanently recorded so(3)Information is permanently recorded sothat it can not be changed by thethat it can not be changed by the
programmer.programmer.(4)Non Volatile Memory(4)Non Volatile Memory
(5)It Contains instructions to get the computer (5)It Contains instructions to get the computer started when switched on.started when switched on.
(6)It holds the instructions and data that(6)It holds the instructions and data thatcontrol the various peripheral units of thecontrol the various peripheral units of thecomputerscomputers
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Secondary Storage(AuxilarySecondary Storage(Auxilary
Memory)Memory) To Supplement the main storage. To Supplement the main storage. Used To Store the large Date .Used To Store the large Date . Much cheaper than main storageMuch cheaper than main storage
Secondary storage holds the programSecondary storage holds the programinstructions,data,informations of thoseinstructions,data,informations of those jobs on which the computer system is jobs on which the computer system isnot working but needs to hold them fornot working but needs to hold them for
processing laterprocessing later Eg.Magnetic DiscsEg.Magnetic Discs
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Software ComponentsSoftware Components
(1)Application Software:- these are the programs(1)Application Software:- these are the programsemployed by the user to perform specific functions.eg:-employed by the user to perform specific functions.eg:-like for accounting control in business or a programlike for accounting control in business or a programused for engineering designused for engineering design
(2)System Softwares:-Consists of Program,Languages(2)System Softwares:-Consists of Program,Languages
and documentation supplied by the manufacturer withand documentation supplied by the manufacturer withthe computer.the computer.
They allow user to communicate with the They allow user to communicate with thecomputer or write or develop his own programs.computer or write or develop his own programs.
This makes machine easier to use and make its This makes machine easier to use and make itsefficient use.efficient use.
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Software ComponentsSoftware Components
Continued………….Continued………….
Utility Software (1) lies betweenUtility Software (1) lies between
system and application softwaresystem and application software
(2)these are used for(2)these are used for
specific tools while developing aspecific tools while developing aprogram or package or to perform aprogram or package or to perform a
limited specific task like scanning thelimited specific task like scanning the
hard disc for virus,like virus programhard disc for virus,like virus programetc.etc.
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Input and output DevicesInput and output DevicesInput devicesInput devices
KeyboardKeyboard
MouseMouse
ScannerScanner
Touch screenTouch screen
Light penLight pen
MICRMICROMROMR
OCROCR
BAR CODINGBAR CODING
Output devicesOutput devicesMonitor/ScreenMonitor/Screen
Printer:-Printer:-DRUM,CHAIN,SERIAL,INKJDRUM,CHAIN,SERIAL,INKJ
ET,LASERET,LASER
LCDLCD
SpeakerSpeaker
PlotterPlotter
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Input unit
Data and instruction must enter a computer system can perform any computation on thesupplied data.
Functions:- (1)It accepts instructions and datafro outside world
(2)It Converts these instructions anddata in computer acceptable form
(3)It Supplies the convertedinstructions and data to computer system for further processing
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Key Board
A text base input device that is used to type inletters, numbers and other character.
It is also called QWERTY as in 3rd row of keyboard Keys Consist are as follows:-
(1)Letter keys:-26 english letters
(2)Digits Keys:-0-9
(3)Special Character key:- >,<, ?,/,{,}etc
(4)Non Printable Control keys:-Used for backspacing ,going to next line, tabulation ,movingcursor up and down etc
(5)Function Keys:-f1-f15
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MOUSE
USED to move the cursor on your
computer screen to give instructions to
your compute and to run programs andapplications.
Also used to select the menu commands
,move icons ,size windows ,start
program ,close windows
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Scanner
It is used to input pictures and images
into your computers. It converts IMAGES
to digital forms so that it can be fed in to
the computers
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Touch Screen
It allows the user to operate a computer
by simply touching the display screen.
Example:-ATMs, Games in big Mall
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LIGHT PEN
IT uses a light sensor device to select
objects on the display screen .
It is simply a mouse except that with alight pen you can move the pointer and
select any object on the screen by
directly pointing to the object with the
light pen
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MICR
Magnetic Ink Card Reader
Human readable character are printed
on the documents (like cheques )using aspecial magnetic ink.
MICR recognise such characters.
This method ensures the accuracy of
data entry
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OMR
Optical mark reader
Special Pre-printed forms are designedwith boxes which can be marked with adark pencil or ink.
Each box is shown distinctly so that user can clearly understand what he ismaking
Eg:-objective type papers, marketsurvey,bank exams etc
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OCR
Optical Character reader
Is a device used to read an image ,convert it
into a set of 0s and 1s and store this in
computer memory.
Image may be hand written doc and a typed
printed doc or a pictures
An optical scanner converts an image to an
equivalent bitmap representation.
2 types of scanner:-hand held(13cm long) and
flat bed
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Bar Coding
Small Bars of varying thickness and
spacing are printed on
packages,badges,tags etcCodes are read by optical reader and
converted into electrical pulses.
Pattern of bars is unique and some time
standardised acc.to countryEg:-Grocery shop,malls
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Output devicesOutput devices
It supplies information obtained fromIt supplies information obtained from
data processing to outside worlddata processing to outside world
Functions(1) it accepts the resultsFunctions(1) it accepts the results
produced by the computerproduced by the computer(2) it converts these coded(2) it converts these coded
results to human acceptable formresults to human acceptable form
(3) It supplies the converted(3) It supplies the convertedresult in to outside worldresult in to outside world
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MONITORMONITOR
used to displayused to display
information,program,applicationsinformation,program,applications
Also called Display ScreenAlso called Display Screen
Like t.v, monitorLike t.v, monitor
2 types flat panel and graphical2 types flat panel and graphical
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PrinterPrinter
Used to create a hard copy of the files stored in to theUsed to create a hard copy of the files stored in to thecomputercomputer
2things matters:-resolution and speed2things matters:-resolution and speed
DRUM PRINTERDRUM PRINTER
It consists of a cylindrical drum.characters are to beIt consists of a cylindrical drum.characters are to beprinted are embosed on its surface(all 26 character onprinted are embosed on its surface(all 26 character onone particular position)one particular position)
One carbon ribbon and paper is interposed b/w theOne carbon ribbon and paper is interposed b/w thehammer and the drumhammer and the drum
Limitation:-exoensive,not change(fixed font)Limitation:-exoensive,not change(fixed font)
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Serial printerSerial printer
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Inkjet printerInkjet printer
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Laser printerLaser printer
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LCDLCD
It is smaller and lighter as comparedIt is smaller and lighter as compared
to the monitorto the monitor
Mostly used with portable computersMostly used with portable computers
Used in seminarsUsed in seminars
Used for presentationsUsed for presentations
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SpeakerSpeaker
Used to produce music or speech fromUsed to produce music or speech from
programs.programs.
a speaker port in your computer allowsa speaker port in your computer allows
to connect speaker to the computerto connect speaker to the computer Speaker can be built in computer andSpeaker can be built in computer and
can be attached separatelycan be attached separately
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plotterplotter
It interprets commands from theIt interprets commands from the
computer to make line drawings oncomputer to make line drawings on
a paper using multi coloureda paper using multi coloured
automatic pensautomatic pens Plotters can be very useful inPlotters can be very useful in
drawing graphs,barcharts,linedrawing graphs,barcharts,line
drawings,maps and rolls of papersdrawings,maps and rolls of papers 2 types:-flat and drum2 types:-flat and drum
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A.L.UA.L.U
Arithmetic logical unitArithmetic logical unit
Place where actual execution of Place where actual execution of
instructions take placeinstructions take place
Calculation can be performedCalculation can be performed
Data and instruction beforeData and instruction before
processing goes to a.l.uprocessing goes to a.l.u
Type of computersType of computers
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Type of computersType of computers
PersonalPersonal
computer(Desktop,laptop,palmtop)computer(Desktop,laptop,palmtop)
Workstation(powerful,single user,anyWorkstation(powerful,single user,any
computer connected through LAN)computer connected through LAN)Mainframe(Huge Computers)Mainframe(Huge Computers)
SuperComputer(Sophisticate,expensiSuperComputer(Sophisticate,expensi
ve,used for defence purpose andve,used for defence purpose and
complex programs)complex programs)
What Computer Can DoWhat Computer Can Do
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What Computer Can DoWhat Computer Can Do
BusinessBusiness
SchoolSchool
HomeHome
MallsMalls
companiescompanies
Research centersResearch centersMedical centersMedical centers
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What Computer Can not do?What Computer Can not do?
In case of productivity(sometimeIn case of productivity(sometime
longer to do with computer thanlonger to do with computer than
manualmanual
In case of reasoning(No reasoning)In case of reasoning(No reasoning) In case of errors (it can not makeIn case of errors (it can not make
errors)errors)