Basics of Computer[1] 10-09-2009

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Introduction to computer Introduction to computer

Presented ByPresented By

Neha MittalNeha Mittal

Lecturer (SDIMT)Lecturer (SDIMT)



The set of instruction is called program or software.

The activity of processing data using a computer

is called data processing



3 activities of data processing3 activities of data processing

1.Capturing the Input Data1.Capturing the Input Data

2.Manupulating the Data2.Manupulating the Data

3 Managing the output result3 Managing the output result



Characteristics of computer Characteristics of computer

1.High Speed1.High Speed 2.Accuracy2.Accuracy 3.Consistency3.Consistency

4.Storage Capacity(hard4.Storage Capacity(harddisc,floppy,c.d)disc,floppy,c.d)

5.Flexibility5.Flexibility 6.Automatic6.Automatic 7.Deligence(24*7)7.Deligence(24*7) 8.Versatility(Many Task at a Time)8.Versatility(Many Task at a Time)



Continued…………….

9.Power of Remembering

10.No IQ

11.No Feelings

12.Word Length

13.Reliability(40 years life)

14.Data Base (data record)

15.Reduction in Paper Work

16.Reduce cost (initially cost is high but after some time)



Characteristics More….

• 17.Report Preparation (in org 4the purpose of preparing

business reports)• 18.Reduce the manpower and

space requirements in office.

•19.Increase ability to performcomputation

• 20.intangible benefits……….



Limitation of ComputerLimitation of Computer

No I.Q (no intelligence)No I.Q (no intelligence)

The application logic must be understood The application logic must be understood

Dependent on human beingDependent on human being

It require a lot of looking afterIt require a lot of looking after Environment should be suitable for itEnvironment should be suitable for it

No Feeling/JudgementNo Feeling/Judgement

Its Very sensitive to dust ParticleIts Very sensitive to dust Particle



Evolution Of Computer

Some Early Computer

* Blaise Pascal Invented The first AddingMachine(1642)

* Baron Gottfried invented first calculatorof multiplication(1671)

*In U.S Keyboard Machine WasInvented(1880)

*Herman Hollerith (Punch Cards)(1970)

*Charles Babbage “Difference Machine” Later “Analytical Engine” Speed 60 additions per minutes



Mark I Computer(1937-44)

Also Known As Automatic SequenceController Calculator

Invented by Howard A.Aiken

Collaboration of IBM With HarvardUniversity But It Is Highly Complex nad Huge In Size Uses 300electricallyactuated switches to

control 5 operations +,-,*,%and table referances

uptill 23 decimal digits Speed .3second for “+” 4.5seconds for “*”



Ananasoff–berry computer(1939-42)

Invented By Dr.John Atanasoff

To Solve Certain Mathematical

Equation Also Called ABC

45 Vacuum tubes and capacitors forstorage



ENIAC(1943-46)ENIAC(1943-46)

Electronic Numerical integrator and calculator Electronic Numerical integrator and calculator

First Electronic Computer First Electronic Computer

Constructed at Moose school of engineeringof universuty of Constructed at Moose school of engineeringof universuty of

pennsylvania.(U.S.A)pennsylvania.(U.S.A)

Mainly For Military Needs To Solve ballistic related Problems.Mainly For Military Needs To Solve ballistic related Problems.

Speed + and * in 200 microsecondsSpeed + and * in 200 microseconds

Major problem of boards and wires difficult to shift from programsMajor problem of boards and wires difficult to shift from programs



EDVAC(1946-52)

Electronic Discrete variable uatomaticComputer

Removes drawback invented”StoredPrograms”(Sequence of data storedautomatically)

Invented By Dr John Von Neumann

Different Programms Can be uploadedand executed at a time.



EDSAC(1947-49)

Electronic Delay Storage AutomaticCalculator

All operation in 1500microseconds Invented By Cambridge University

Gp.of Professors headed by MauriceWilkes



UNIVAC-I(1951)

Universal Automatic Computer

Ist Digital Computer

In 1952 IBM Introduce IBM-

701Commercial Computer In 1953 IBM Produced IBM-650



Generation of computers

First Generation Computer(1942-1956)

Second generation Computer(1956-1963)

Third Generation Computer(1964-1971)

Fourth generation Computer(1971-1989)

Fifth generation computer(1989-Present)



Generation Of Computer Generation Of Computer

First GenerationFirst Generation ENIACENIAC

EDVACEDVAC

UNIVACUNIVAC

IBM-701 AND IBM-650IBM-701 AND IBM-650

KEY HARDWARE (a)vacuum tubesKEY HARDWARE (a)vacuum tubes

(b)Electromagnetic relay memory(b)Electromagnetic relay memory

©Instruction through machine and assembly©Instruction through machine and assembly

languagelanguage



Characteristics features of 1Characteristics features of 1stst

generation computer generation computer Fastest Calculating Device of Their TimeFastest Calculating Device of Their Time

Too Bulky In size(IRequire full room)Too Bulky In size(IRequire full room)

1000of vacuum Tubes(emit heat and Burn out1000of vacuum Tubes(emit heat and Burn out

frequently)frequently)Tubes consumes much power (1/2 watt in everyTubes consumes much power (1/2 watt in every

vacuum)vacuum)

Vacuum tubes has filament that had a limited life.Vacuum tubes has filament that had a limited life.



More characteristics of 1More characteristics of 1stst

generation computer generation computer These components need constant maintenance.(dueThese components need constant maintenance.(due

to low mean time failure)to low mean time failure)

Commercial production of these computers wasCommercial production of these computers was

difficult anddifficult and costly(costly(1000 components needs to1000 components needs toassembled individually)assembled individually)

It have limited commercial use.It have limited commercial use.



Some more characteristics

of 1

st

generation• Very unreliable

• Very slow speed

• Non portable

• Need a.c

•Frequent hardware failure



22ndnd generation computer(1955-64)generation computer(1955-64)

Key hardware:-Key hardware:-

(a)Transistors.(a)Transistors.

(b)Magnetic core memory(b)Magnetic core memory

©Magnetic tapes©Magnetic tapes(d)Disc Secondary storage(d)Disc Secondary storage

Language:-Language:-

High Level LanguageHigh Level Language

Eg:-Eg:-IBM1620,IBM7094,CDC1604,CDC3600,UNIBM1620,IBM7094,CDC1604,CDC3600,UNIVAC1108IVAC1108



Characteristics of 2Characteristics of 2ndnd generationgeneration

languagelanguage

1.1. Easier To Handle Than VacuumEasier To Handle Than Vacuum

Tubes (tubes consist of glass andTubes (tubes consist of glass and

transistor is of germaniumtransistor is of germanium

semiconductor)semiconductor)2.2. Highly Reliable(could not burnt)Highly Reliable(could not burnt)

3.3. Switch Much Faster Than TubesSwitch Much Faster Than Tubes



Continued……….characterisContinued……….characteris

ticstics4.Consume almost 1/104.Consume almost 1/10thth of the power than a tubeof the power than a tube

5.Smaller in size than a tube5.Smaller in size than a tube

6.Less Expensive than a tube6.Less Expensive than a tube

7.Dissipate much less heat as compared to vacuum7.Dissipate much less heat as compared to vacuumtubestubes

8.Still very costly8.Still very costly

Also support machine and assembly languageAlso support machine and assembly language

9.1000 components are assembled by hand so9.1000 components are assembled by hand socommercially not fitcommercially not fit



3rd Generation3rd Generation

computers(1964-75)computers(1964-75)• In 1958 Jack, St. Clair Kilby &Robert Noyce

Invented I.C

• I.C (integrated Circuit) Consists Of Severalelectronic components liketransistor,resistors,capacitors grown on a singlechip of silicon eliminating wired interconnectionbetween components.

• Key technology:-*IC with SSI & MSI(Medium)

• Key software:-Timesharing O.S(multiuser interface),HLL



Characteristics Of 3rd GenerationCharacteristics Of 3rd Generation

TechnologyTechnology More Powerful than 2More Powerful than 2ndnd generation 1million instruction per secondgeneration 1million instruction per second

Smaller Than 2Smaller Than 2ndnd GenerationGeneration

Less Power &dissipate Less HeatLess Power &dissipate Less Heat

More Reliable and less prone to Hardware failure (lessMore Reliable and less prone to Hardware failure (less

maintenance)maintenance) Still CostlyStill Costly

A.C Still neededA.C Still needed

Faster & Larger primary and secondary storageFaster & Larger primary and secondary storage



More characteristics of 3More characteristics of 3rdrd

generationgeneration

For general purpose use (scientificFor general purpose use (scientific

&commercial application)&commercial application)

Their Manufacturing did not require anyTheir Manufacturing did not require any

assembly of individual componentsassembly of individual components

It made computer affordable for smallIt made computer affordable for smallcompanies alsocompanies also



4th generation

computers(1975-89)Key hardware:-

LSI 30,000electronic chip

integrationMicroprocessor

Key software:--(a) GUI .(b) UNIX O.S

©Clanguage,pc &network based

applications(d)LAN WAN



Characteristics Of 4th

Generation Computers1. PC are smaller and cheaper

2. No A.C required

3. Concept of internet came4. Great development in the field of

network

5. Increase capabilities of I/O device andstorage device

6. Both for office and home usage



5th5th generationgeneration computerscomputers

ULSI UsedULSI Used

Speed and size improvedSpeed and size improved

Portable notebooks etc are thePortable notebooks etc are theexampleexample

CDROM also emergedCDROM also emerged

www,email camewww,email came



Characteristics of 5th generation

Portable PC are much smaller and handy thanPCs of 4th generation

More Powerful PCs than 4th

Less Power consumption

More reliableMost PCs having “Hot plug Feature”(if any partdamages than without any shut down it can bereplaced)

General purpose and fast and larger storageNot require manual assembly



Some more

characteristics…………Use of HLL enables program writtenon computer to be easily executed on

the other PC

Includes Multimedia Application

Different price range 4 differentcategories like from child to a scientist



Components of Computer Components of Computer

1.1.MemoryMemory

RAMRAM

ROMROM

2.Software component2.Software componentApplication softwareApplication software

System SoftwareSystem Software

Utility SoftwareUtility Software

3.INPUT Output Device & C.P.U3.INPUT Output Device & C.P.U



MemoryMemory

Memory is a scratch pad where informationMemory is a scratch pad where informationwhich includes both programs and data ,is keptwhich includes both programs and data ,is keptwhile it being worked on.while it being worked on.

Computer memory contains large number of Computer memory contains large number of

storage spaces known as CELLS or storage spaces known as CELLS or LOCATION ,which are organized in to bytesLOCATION ,which are organized in to bytescontaining 8 bitscontaining 8 bits

it stores (1)data &instruction required for it stores (1)data &instruction required for

processing.processing.

(2)Intermediate results of processing(2)Intermediate results of processing

(3) Results for output,before they are(3) Results for output,before they arereleased to the output devicereleased to the output device



2 types of storage2 types of storage

Primary Storage(Main Memory)Primary Storage(Main Memory)

Eg RAM ROMEg RAM ROM

Secondary Storage(AuxillrySecondary Storage(Auxillry

memory)memory)

Eg.Magnetic Disk,Magnetic TapesEg.Magnetic Disk,Magnetic Tapes



Primary MemoryPrimary Memory

Data and instructions are storedData and instructions are stored

in the primary memory beforein the primary memory before

processing and are transferredprocessing and are transferred

as and when needed to ALU.as and when needed to ALU. once the processing takes placeonce the processing takes place

it again goes to primary memoryit again goes to primary memory

till the output is released.till the output is released.



RAMRAM

Random Access Memory(keyRandom Access Memory(keyworking area of the memoryworking area of the memory

Also Called USER MEMORYAlso Called USER MEMORY

MAIN FEATURE:-MAIN FEATURE:-(1)It can read from or written into any(1)It can read from or written into anylocation and can be accessedlocation and can be accessedrandomly.randomly.

(2)The content of RAM is available as(2)The content of RAM is available aslong as the computer is not switchedlong as the computer is not switchedoff.(Volatile Memory)off.(Volatile Memory)



ROMROM

(1)Read only Memory(1)Read only Memory

(2)Holds permanent Data Or Instruction(2)Holds permanent Data Or Instruction

(3)Information is permanently recorded so(3)Information is permanently recorded sothat it can not be changed by thethat it can not be changed by the

programmer.programmer.(4)Non Volatile Memory(4)Non Volatile Memory

(5)It Contains instructions to get the computer (5)It Contains instructions to get the computer started when switched on.started when switched on.

(6)It holds the instructions and data that(6)It holds the instructions and data thatcontrol the various peripheral units of thecontrol the various peripheral units of thecomputerscomputers



Secondary Storage(AuxilarySecondary Storage(Auxilary

Memory)Memory) To Supplement the main storage. To Supplement the main storage. Used To Store the large Date .Used To Store the large Date . Much cheaper than main storageMuch cheaper than main storage

Secondary storage holds the programSecondary storage holds the programinstructions,data,informations of thoseinstructions,data,informations of those jobs on which the computer system is jobs on which the computer system isnot working but needs to hold them fornot working but needs to hold them for

processing laterprocessing later Eg.Magnetic DiscsEg.Magnetic Discs



Software ComponentsSoftware Components

(1)Application Software:- these are the programs(1)Application Software:- these are the programsemployed by the user to perform specific functions.eg:-employed by the user to perform specific functions.eg:-like for accounting control in business or a programlike for accounting control in business or a programused for engineering designused for engineering design

(2)System Softwares:-Consists of Program,Languages(2)System Softwares:-Consists of Program,Languages

and documentation supplied by the manufacturer withand documentation supplied by the manufacturer withthe computer.the computer.

They allow user to communicate with the They allow user to communicate with thecomputer or write or develop his own programs.computer or write or develop his own programs.

This makes machine easier to use and make its This makes machine easier to use and make itsefficient use.efficient use.



Software ComponentsSoftware Components

Continued………….Continued………….

Utility Software (1) lies betweenUtility Software (1) lies between

system and application softwaresystem and application software

(2)these are used for(2)these are used for

specific tools while developing aspecific tools while developing aprogram or package or to perform aprogram or package or to perform a

limited specific task like scanning thelimited specific task like scanning the

hard disc for virus,like virus programhard disc for virus,like virus programetc.etc.



Input and output DevicesInput and output DevicesInput devicesInput devices

KeyboardKeyboard

MouseMouse

ScannerScanner

Touch screenTouch screen

Light penLight pen

MICRMICROMROMR

OCROCR

BAR CODINGBAR CODING

Output devicesOutput devicesMonitor/ScreenMonitor/Screen

Printer:-Printer:-DRUM,CHAIN,SERIAL,INKJDRUM,CHAIN,SERIAL,INKJ

ET,LASERET,LASER

LCDLCD

SpeakerSpeaker

PlotterPlotter



Input unit

Data and instruction must enter a computer system can perform any computation on thesupplied data.

Functions:- (1)It accepts instructions and datafro outside world

(2)It Converts these instructions anddata in computer acceptable form

(3)It Supplies the convertedinstructions and data to computer system for further processing



Key Board

A text base input device that is used to type inletters, numbers and other character.

It is also called QWERTY as in 3rd row of keyboard Keys Consist are as follows:-

(1)Letter keys:-26 english letters

(2)Digits Keys:-0-9

(3)Special Character key:- >,<, ?,/,{,}etc

(4)Non Printable Control keys:-Used for backspacing ,going to next line, tabulation ,movingcursor up and down etc

(5)Function Keys:-f1-f15



MOUSE

USED to move the cursor on your

computer screen to give instructions to

your compute and to run programs andapplications.

Also used to select the menu commands

,move icons ,size windows ,start

program ,close windows



Scanner

It is used to input pictures and images

into your computers. It converts IMAGES

to digital forms so that it can be fed in to

the computers



Touch Screen

It allows the user to operate a computer

by simply touching the display screen.

Example:-ATMs, Games in big Mall



LIGHT PEN

IT uses a light sensor device to select

objects on the display screen .

It is simply a mouse except that with alight pen you can move the pointer and

select any object on the screen by

directly pointing to the object with the

light pen



MICR

Magnetic Ink Card Reader

Human readable character are printed

on the documents (like cheques )using aspecial magnetic ink.

MICR recognise such characters.

This method ensures the accuracy of

data entry



OMR

Optical mark reader

Special Pre-printed forms are designedwith boxes which can be marked with adark pencil or ink.

Each box is shown distinctly so that user can clearly understand what he ismaking

Eg:-objective type papers, marketsurvey,bank exams etc



OCR

Optical Character reader

Is a device used to read an image ,convert it

into a set of 0s and 1s and store this in

computer memory.

Image may be hand written doc and a typed

printed doc or a pictures

An optical scanner converts an image to an

equivalent bitmap representation.

2 types of scanner:-hand held(13cm long) and

flat bed



Bar Coding

Small Bars of varying thickness and

spacing are printed on

packages,badges,tags etcCodes are read by optical reader and

converted into electrical pulses.

Pattern of bars is unique and some time

standardised acc.to countryEg:-Grocery shop,malls



Output devicesOutput devices

It supplies information obtained fromIt supplies information obtained from

data processing to outside worlddata processing to outside world

Functions(1) it accepts the resultsFunctions(1) it accepts the results

produced by the computerproduced by the computer(2) it converts these coded(2) it converts these coded

results to human acceptable formresults to human acceptable form

(3) It supplies the converted(3) It supplies the convertedresult in to outside worldresult in to outside world



MONITORMONITOR

used to displayused to display

information,program,applicationsinformation,program,applications

Also called Display ScreenAlso called Display Screen

Like t.v, monitorLike t.v, monitor

2 types flat panel and graphical2 types flat panel and graphical



PrinterPrinter

Used to create a hard copy of the files stored in to theUsed to create a hard copy of the files stored in to thecomputercomputer

2things matters:-resolution and speed2things matters:-resolution and speed

DRUM PRINTERDRUM PRINTER

It consists of a cylindrical drum.characters are to beIt consists of a cylindrical drum.characters are to beprinted are embosed on its surface(all 26 character onprinted are embosed on its surface(all 26 character onone particular position)one particular position)

One carbon ribbon and paper is interposed b/w theOne carbon ribbon and paper is interposed b/w thehammer and the drumhammer and the drum

Limitation:-exoensive,not change(fixed font)Limitation:-exoensive,not change(fixed font)



Serial printerSerial printer



Inkjet printerInkjet printer



Laser printerLaser printer



LCDLCD

It is smaller and lighter as comparedIt is smaller and lighter as compared

to the monitorto the monitor

Mostly used with portable computersMostly used with portable computers

Used in seminarsUsed in seminars

Used for presentationsUsed for presentations



SpeakerSpeaker

Used to produce music or speech fromUsed to produce music or speech from

programs.programs.

a speaker port in your computer allowsa speaker port in your computer allows

to connect speaker to the computerto connect speaker to the computer Speaker can be built in computer andSpeaker can be built in computer and

can be attached separatelycan be attached separately



plotterplotter

It interprets commands from theIt interprets commands from the

computer to make line drawings oncomputer to make line drawings on

a paper using multi coloureda paper using multi coloured

automatic pensautomatic pens Plotters can be very useful inPlotters can be very useful in

drawing graphs,barcharts,linedrawing graphs,barcharts,line

drawings,maps and rolls of papersdrawings,maps and rolls of papers 2 types:-flat and drum2 types:-flat and drum



A.L.UA.L.U

Arithmetic logical unitArithmetic logical unit

Place where actual execution of Place where actual execution of

instructions take placeinstructions take place

Calculation can be performedCalculation can be performed

Data and instruction beforeData and instruction before

processing goes to a.l.uprocessing goes to a.l.u

Type of computersType of computers



Type of computersType of computers

PersonalPersonal

computer(Desktop,laptop,palmtop)computer(Desktop,laptop,palmtop)

Workstation(powerful,single user,anyWorkstation(powerful,single user,any

computer connected through LAN)computer connected through LAN)Mainframe(Huge Computers)Mainframe(Huge Computers)

SuperComputer(Sophisticate,expensiSuperComputer(Sophisticate,expensi

ve,used for defence purpose andve,used for defence purpose and

complex programs)complex programs)

What Computer Can DoWhat Computer Can Do



What Computer Can DoWhat Computer Can Do

BusinessBusiness

SchoolSchool

HomeHome

MallsMalls

companiescompanies

Research centersResearch centersMedical centersMedical centers



What Computer Can not do?What Computer Can not do?

In case of productivity(sometimeIn case of productivity(sometime

longer to do with computer thanlonger to do with computer than

manualmanual

In case of reasoning(No reasoning)In case of reasoning(No reasoning) In case of errors (it can not makeIn case of errors (it can not make

errors)errors)

Basics of Computer[1] 10-09-2009

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