Post on 04-Jun-2018
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Basics of
Computer & Informtion
Technology
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Definition of Computer
Computer is an electronic machine which
accepts some data as input, process at
electronic speed and gives some outputunder stored programs.
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Data
Data:Streams of raw facts representing events
such as business transactions.
Data can also be classified as: quantitative
qualitative
discrete
continuous
primary
secondary.
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Types of data
Quantitative datais that capable of being
measured numerically, e.g. the standard labour
hours required to produce one unit of output. Qualitative datais that not capable of being
measured numerically but may reflect
distinguishing characteristics, e.g. the grade of
labour used to produce the unit of output.
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Types of data
Data is said to be discretewhen it can only take
on specific fixed values, e.g. the actual number
of vehicles through a car wash per day could be35 but not 35.3.
Whereas continuous datatakes on any
numerical value and we could, in an eight hour
day, measure the throughput of cars as 4.375per hour i.e. 35 cars / 8 hours.
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Types of data
Primary datais collected for a particular enquiry,for example by observation, employees wouldbe observed performing a 'value adding' activitywhen establishing a standard time for theactivity.
Data collected by a trade association from anumber of firms and comprising tradeassociation statistics would become secondarydatawhen used by a firm in the sector makingan enquiry of its own.
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Information
Information:Clusters
of facts that are
meaningful and usefulto human beings in
the processes such
as making decisions
Information
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Types of Information
Information is classed as:
Strategicthat information relating to the
longer term planning and strategic focus ofthe business.
Tacticalthat used in short term planning
and decision making within an organisation.
Operationalthat relevant to day-to-day
decision making.
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Types of Information: Strategic
Strategic Information would relate to the longer-
term strategy on the companys market share,
which in turn informs the production plan. This plan would be used to predetermine the
level of investment required in capital equipment
in the longer term.
This process which 'compels planning' wouldlead to investigating new methods and
technology.
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Types of Information : Tactical
Tactical information could include the short-term
budget for 12 months and would show the
budgeted machine utilisation in terms ofmachine hours for each item of plant.
The total machine hours being predetermined
from the production budget for the period.
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Types of Information: Operational
Operational information would include a current
weeks report for a cost center on the capacity of
the plant utilized in the period. actual machine hours x 100
budgeted machine hours
i.e. the percentage capacity utilized.
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Types of Computer (A/C to Size)
Supercomputer
Mainframe computer
Midrange / Minicomputer
Microcomputer
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1) Supercomputer
Supercomuter are high-capacity machines withthousands of processors
that can perform morethan several trillioncalculations per second.
Its speed is measured inMFLOPS and GFLOPS.
It is used in area ofdefense and weaponry,weather forcasting,scientific research etc.
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Mainframe computer
Larger, more expensive,
and faster than midrange
computer.
Permit the interconnection
of a greater number of
people.
Typically store larger
volume of data andinformation.
Speed : MFLOPS, GFLOPS
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Minicomputer / Midrange
Perform specific functionlike to control complexmanufacturing processes
or to operate a hotelsreservation system.
Interconnect people andlarge sets of information.
Powerful than
microcomputer.
Speed : Multiple ofFLOPS or Hz.
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Microcomputer
Relatively compact and
usually found on a table
or desktop.
Speed : MHz or GHz.
Desktop computer,
Notebook, Laptop,
palmtop, pen-based
computer, PDA are typesof microcomputer.
Generally use as a client.
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Types of computer (A/c to Function)
1. Digital computer
High speed, programmable electronic
devices that perform mathematicalcalculations, compare values and results.
Counts discreate signals (0,1).
Example : Desktop computer, Digitalcamera etc.
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Types of computer (A/c to Function)
2. Analog Computer
Measures the physical properties like
voltage, pressure, temperature etc. Works on continuouse signals.
Examples : Furnace thermostate, voltmeter,
speedometer etc.
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Types of computer (A/c to Function)
3. Hybrid Computer
Combine functionality of Digital and Analog
computer. Example : Modern Petrolpump, Robots etc.
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Communication
The sending and receiving of
data and information over a
communication network.
Data Communication
The transmission of data
and information through a
communication network.
Communication Networks
A set of stations, conssiting of hardware, programs,
and information, that are linked togather as a system
that transmits and receives data or information.
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Information Technology (IT)
Information technology is a general term
that describes any technology that helps
to produce, manipulate, store,communicate, and/or desseminate
information.
Computer
Technology
Communication
Technology+ =Information
Technology
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Information system
A set of interrelated components that collect
(or retrieve), process, store, and distribute
information to support decision making andcontrol in an organization
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Activities in Information System
INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS
FEEDBACK