Basics of Anatomy and Tissue Injuries

Anatomical Position

•Anatomic Position: Refers to an erect stance with the arms at the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward

•The body moves in relation to planes▫Frontal▫Sagittal▫Transverse

•Refer back to Med Term notes/packets for help

Body Tissues

•Athletic injury usually involved injury to▫Skin▫Bone▫Cartilage▫Muscle▫Tendons▫Ligaments

Basically everything

Skin

•Outermost surface of the body•First line of defense against

▫Insects▫Air▫Dirt▫Bacteria▫Blunt force

•Keeps body fluids in•Senses agitators•Secretes sweat and oily substance

Skin

•Made up of multiple layers▫Epidermis – Most superficial▫Dermis – deep to epidermis▫Hypodermis – technically not part of the skin

AKA: Subcutaneous Layer Hold skin to underlying bone and muscle Responsible for storing 50% of body fat

•Has the ability to expand▫Increase in muscle girth▫Stretch marks – rupture of elastic fibers

Bones•3 primary functions

▫Protect vital organs▫Create movement▫Metabolically active

Produce RBC Store minerals

Cal, Phos

•Also provide a degree of protection for nerve and vessels that run length of bone

Bones

•206 bones in the body

•Skeleton▫Axial

Skull Spine Thorax

▫Appendicular extremities

Surface Anatomy Lab

•Turn to page 34•Using figure 3.3, place adhesive dots on

various areas of the skeleton and number them

•Using correct medical terminology, write now the name of the bone under the numbered adhesive and identify it’s location▫E.g. #3 Ulna; distal to Humerus, proximal

to carpals

Bone categories

•Bones come in several shapes and sizes▫Long (femur)▫Short (metacarpal)▫Flat (scapula)▫Irregular (vertebra)

•Features▫Shaft - Diaphysis▫Epiphysis – growth plate

Spongy during adolescence

Articular Cartilage

•Covers ends of the bones•Function

▫Absorb shock▫Permit smooth

bone movement

Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments

•Muscles – contract to create ▫Acceleration▫Deceleration▫Stop movement▫Maintain normal postural alignment▫Produce heat

•Tendons – connect MUSCLE to BONE•Ligaments – connect BONE to BONE

Your Aging Body

•As infants:▫Bones are cartilaginous

•As adults▫Bones harden and become strong▫Muscles are composed of fibers with high

excitability and elasticity•As elders

▫Bones become brittle▫Muscle degenerates and replaced by

fibrous connective tissue

Classification of Joints

•3 different classifications:▫Diarthrodial▫Amphiarthrodial▫Synarthrodial

Diarthrodial• AKA Synovial joints

• Have excellent mobility

• Components:▫ Joint Capsule (sleeve-like ligament that

surround entire joint)▫Synovial membrane (slick lining on the inside

of the capsule)▫Hyaline cartilage (thin layer of cushioning at

the ends of the bone)▫Ligaments

Diarthrodial

•Divided into several types:▫Hinge joints

Knee and elbow – move back and forth like hindges on a door

▫Multiaxial Shoulder and hip (AKA ball and socket) –

move alone many axes

Amphiarthrodial

•AKA Cartilaginous joints• Cartilage attaching two bones together

▫E.g. Ribs connecting at sternum

Synarhtrodial

• AKA Fibrous Joints•Held together by tough connective tissue•Immovable

▫E.g. – bones of the skull; tibia/fibula

Soft Tissue Injuries

•Wounds, Strains, Sprains▫Bleed, become infected, produced extra

fluid

•Classification: Acute▫Occurs suddenly as a result of a high

amount of force applied to the tissue over a short time (milliseconds-seconds)

•Wounds:▫Injuries to the skin

Incision Abrasion Contusion Laceration Avulsion Amputation Puncture Contrecoup

▫ Bleed EXTERNALLY

•Sprains▫Bleed INTERNALLY

May cause fluid build up Ligament (Bone to Bone)

•Strains▫Bleed INTERNALLY

Tendons (Muscle to Bone) Muscle

Grading

•Grade 1▫Over stretched

No decreased ROM, WBAT, ADL•Grade 2

▫Partial tear Decreased ROM, P w/ WB, decreased ADL,

Bruising•Grade 3

▫Complete rupture NWB, No ROM, often requires surgery

Chronic Soft Tissue Injury

•Chronic is the result of lesser forces being applied over a long period of time (weeks to months) ▫Often the product of overuse

•Types:▫Synovitis▫Bursitis▫Myositis▫Fasciitis

•Synovitis▫Inflammation of the synovial joint lining

Acute injury that never healed or from repeated join injury

•Bursitis▫Inflammation of the bursa sac

Tends to swell

•Myositis▫Chronic Inflammation of the muscle (Myo=

Muscle) Sore, tender, mild swelling, excessively sore

•Fasciitis▫Inflammation of the Thick, rough

connective tissue that surrounds the muscles Thicken, swollen, painful

Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

•Stage 1: Acute Inflammatory▫Cells die from being ripped apart & from

being cut off from food and oxygen supply Fresh blood bring chemicals to begin healing

process Phagocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets (Vocab)

▫Acute stage lasts 48hrs

•Stage 2: Repair▫Injured area filled with fresh blood, cells,

and chemicals to rebuild the damage. Fibroblasts for scar tissue 6wks-3mo

depending on severity•Stage 3: Remodeling

▫Takes up to 1 year+

Factors That Slow Healing

•Poor Blood Supply•Poor nutrition•Illness/disease

▫Diabetes•Medications

▫Corticosteriods Chems made in the body to help reduce

inflammation Synthetic versions are available (i.e. Advil)

•Infection

Bone Injuries

•Dislocation▫Force displaces two ends of articulating

bone causes them to separate▫Disloc also causes:

Avulsion fx Strains/sprains Disruptions of blood flow Disruption of nerve conduction

▫Present w/ obvious deformity, P, NO ROM

•Fractures▫Failure point

Vary with age, bone structure, medical predisposition

▫(osteoporosis)

▫Name according to type of impact/how failure occurs

Broken/cracked/chipped/hairline fx▫13 types of fractures – pg 46 to 49

Stages of Bone Healing

•Stage 1: Acute▫injury causes break which causes bleeding

at site Osteoclasts begin to eat the debris to absorb

back in the body Osteoblasts begin to add new layers to

outside of bone Lasts 4 days

•Stage 2: Repair▫Soft Callus forms internally and externally

to hold fractured ends together▫Eventually turns to hard callus▫Process turning callus to bone begins at 3

weeks and last approx 3mo

•Stage 3: Remodeling▫Takes several years to complete

Callus is reabsorbed and replaced with bone Electrical stimulation can be applied to fx

that are not healing ▫Due to minerals in bone

▫Fractures can be nonunion Only in WB bones

(leg, foot, scaphoid most common sites) Painful, loss of ROM, necrosis

•Define terms found on pages 42 and 43

•Create a summary of each of the 13 fractures

•Chapter 4 worksheet