Basic Cartography

Florence A. GaleonAssistant Professor

U.P. College of Engineering

Outline

II. IntroductionIII. Definition and Value of MapsIV.Characteristics of MapsV. Classification of MapsVI.Basic Map ElementsVII.Transfer Certificate of Title

2

Cartography Cartography or mapmaking is the study and practice of

making maps or globes. word "cartography" is derived from the Greek words chartes (sheet of papyrus) and graphy (writing).

Maps have traditionally been made using pen and paper, but the advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography.

Most commercial quality maps arenow made with map making software that falls into one of three main types; CAD, GIS, and specialized map illustration software. 3

4

Map It is an abstraction of reality

used for analyzing, storing, and communicating information about the locations, attributes, and interrelationship of physical and social phenomena that are distributed over the earth’s surface.

5

Maps

Man, perhaps even since pre-historic times, have used maps of one form or another.

These maps were engraved in wood, stone, baked clay and animal skin.

6

The Value of Maps

1. As a way of recording and storing information

2. As a means of analyzing locational distributions and spatial patterns

3. As a method of presenting information and communicating findings

7

Characteristics of Maps

1. Maps are drawn in a predetermined scale

• scale is a defined dimensional relationship between reality and map

• scale sets a limit on the information that can be included and the manner that the information can be delineated or presented

8

Characteristics of Maps

2. Maps are selective

• show only the features important for the purpose of the map

• retain as many helpful features as can be shown without crowding

9

Characteristics of Maps

3.Maps emphasize certain selected features

Methods of Emphasis:

• large symbols• heavy lines• prominent colors (black, red)• inscriptions• pointing arrows

10

4.Maps are symbolized

Topographic Map Symbols

11

Characteristics of Maps

5. Maps are generalized• Generalization consists of

achieving a level of detail appropriate for the purpose of the map.

• Map should be useful and recognizable representation of the real world, yet does not overwhelm the viewer with excessive details.

12

Characteristics of Maps

6. Maps are lettered, titled, and labeled

13

Characteristics of Maps

7. Maps involve transformationsof various kinds

14

Classification of Maps

I. According to Scale

II. According to Function

III. According to Subject Matter

15

Classification of MapsI. According to Scale

1. Small-scale (1:500, 000 or more)

2. Medium-scale (between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000)

3. Large-scale (1:50,000 or less)

Note: There is no general consensus on the quantitativelimits of the terms small, medium, and large.Terms are relative.

16

Classification of Maps

II. According to Function

1. General maps (reference maps)

Objective:

To portray the spatial association of a selection of diverse geographical phenomena shown (roads, coastlines, bodies of water, elevation, etc)

Examples: topographic maps, maps of countries, continents in atlases

17

Sample Topographic and Google Maps

18

Classification of Maps

2. Thematic maps

Objective: To illustrate a

special theme usually of a scientific or lay-oriented character.

19

Classification of Maps3. Charts They are designed to serve the purpose of the

navigators, nautical and aeronautical.

Ancient chart made of sticks Sample Modern Charts

20

Classification of Maps

1. Cadastral map

It shows the geographic relationship among the various parcels of land and records property boundaries.

III. According to Subject Matter

21

Classification of Maps

2. Plan

It is a detailed map showing buildings, roadways, boundary lines and administrative boundaries.

22

Sample Plan

Tunnel Engineering Plan

23

Classification of Maps

3. Soil Maps

24

Sample Soil Map

25

Classification of Maps

4. Geological Maps

26

Classification of Maps

5. Climatic Maps

27

Thermal ZonesMap

28

6. Economic Maps

29

30

Classification of Maps7. Transportation Maps

31

Classification of Maps

8. Population Distribution Maps

32

Other Types

Road Maps

33

Rainfall Map

34

Tourist Map

35

Ethnic LanguageMap

36

Political BoundaryMap

37

Elevation & Slope Maps

38

Mineral Map

39

Map Features

Points: Usually represented by a special symbol or label.

Lines: Represent linear features such as roads, streams, pipelines, cable lines, etc.

Polygon: Represent features such as lakes, parks and reserves, forestry, county boundaries, etc.

40

Basic Map ElementsNeat line

It is at which the various map elements terminate.

not always necessary to use possible to a fine line that provides a definite

frame or edge have the map run completely off the page

Map Elements

41

42

Basic Map Elements

Border

It is an additional line or set of lines drawn outside the neatline and parallel to it.

tendency is to use simple borders one common type is alternate black and white

bands

43

Basic Map Elements

Title

To a minimum, title usually identifies the mapped region.

on a thematic map, information about the topic and date of data

location varies considerably in relation to the border and other map elements

44

45

Basic Map Elements

Legend It lists the symbols used on a map and what

they depict. It should fully and clearly identify symbols that

require information.

Three Keys to Successful Arrangement of Legend• Grouping• Hierarchy • Symmetry

46

Sample Legend

47

Basic Map Elements

Sources of Information and How Processed

Identify sources so that the user could, if needed, track them down to check the information and interpretation.

48

Basic Map Elements

Graphic Scale

Standard: Select less ornate, make scale as functional as possible.

Two Types:

1. First major division is subdivided into smaller unit

2. A set of subdivided units is added at the end of the scale

49

Possible Locations: •centered below map title•within the legend box•in blank area of map

50

Graticules and Grids It is a network of parallels and meridians.

51

Types of Graticules

1. Full grid or graticule

Use: To locate features by use of coordinate location of selected features

52

Types of Graticules

2. Short lines (ticks )

3. Water- only grid or graticule

53

Basic Map Elements

Projection

• a mathematical model used to transform the curved earth’s surface into a map

• influences the representation of area, distance, direction, and shape

54

55

Inset

It is a smaller secondary map shown with the primary map.

56

Types of Insets

• Enlargement

• Location Map

• Related Area

• Special Subject

Basic Map Elements

57

North Arrow

• True north or magnetic north?

• Many maps display both.

58

Transfer Certificate of Title

59

Detailsfrom

the TCT

60