ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

Studying Personality

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

Lecture contents

• Methods used to study personality

• Characteristics of each

• Relative strengths and weaknesses

• Examples and demonstrations of each

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

Concerns of personality researchers

• Human nature

• Individual differences

• The organisation of ‘bits’ of people (e.g., goals, moods, actions, thoughts) “that gives direction and pattern (coherence) to” those people’s (common and unique) existences (Pervin, 2002, p. 447)

• Psychology (I.e., anything to do with individuals’ psyches)

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

3 approaches to studying personality

• Clinical

• Correlational

• Experimental

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

What’s the story?

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The clinical approach

• Essential feature: Ideographic Understanding individuals uniquely and holistically.

• Key question: “What is this person like?” Individual differences: “To what extent are other people like this?” Human nature: “Does this person have any characteristics in

common with all humans?”

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The clinical approach

• Common characteristics Secondary to a non-research purpose (e.g., therapy, selection) Conducted by researchers aligned with therapeutic schools Small sample Socially interactive Open-ended (verbal) data Multivariate Negotiated focus Non-consensual conventions of analysis

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The clinical approach

+ Breadth and depth of data

+ Naturalistic

+ Structure and process

+ Discovery

+ Justice to concept of “person”

- Idiosyncratic situation and social effects

- Researcher errors and biases

- Evaluation by others

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The correlational approach

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The correlational approach

• Essential feature: Attribute covariance (i) Finding within-sample patterns of similarities and differences

among lots of personality variables, and then (ii) seeing how reliably these patterns are obtained across samples, and (iii) seeing how individuals vary within samples in the extent to which they manifest each pattern

• Key question: “On what personality dimensions may all individuals be compared?” Individual differences: “Does this individual have more or less of

this personality attribute than other people?” Human nature: “Have we parsimoniously identified each set of

attributes that all people have?”

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The correlational approach

• Common characteristics Normative Large samples Questionnaire measures Self-completion Fixed-response alternatives Highly intelligent and educated participants Factor analytic methods Established items from previous research Reliability focus

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

Factor Analysis

• Principle statistical method of ‘correlation approach.’

• It clusters lower-level items according to ‘redundancy’.

• Two crucial skills:

Factor labeling

Input variable selection

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

Steps in developing a correlational personality measure

1. Develop a pool of face-valid items

2. Factor analyse

3. Pick or develop questions that have high and unique loadings on the factor of interest

4. Establish scale reliability

5. Establish scale validity

6. Establish scale utility

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

SWLS: How are you doing?

A. ___ In most ways my life is close to my ideal.

B. ___ The conditions of my life are excellent.

C. ___ I am satisfied with my life.

D. ___ So far I have gotten the important things I want in life.

E. ___ If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.

**********************************************

1 - Strongly disgree 2 - Disgree 3 - Slightly disagree

4 - Neither agree nor disgree

5 - Slightly agree 6 - Agree 7 - Strongly agree

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The correlational approach

+ Large samples

+ Considerable replication

+ Semi-complex

- Largely self-report

- Descriptive

- Procrustean

- Risk of triviality

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The experimental approach

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The experimental approach

Essential feature: Identifying causes Experimental demonstration of a causal relationship between a

personality variable and another variable.

Key questions: “What causes personality and what does personality cause?” Individual differences: “Can stable dispositional differences be

predicted/controlled?” Human nature: “Are any aspects of personality unresponsive to

situational changes?”

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The experimental approach

• Common characteristics Normative Large samples Objective measures Few variables

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

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ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides

The experimental approach

+ Causal identification

+ Low interpretation

- Restricted to observable phenomena

- Artificiality

- Focus on testing rather than discovering or importance

- Relevance to “personality”

- Risk of triviality

ATP, PAID 1, Studying Personality Tom Farsides