Post on 08-Feb-2017
ARCHITECTURE OF THE
AFTERLIFE Embalming & Tombs in Ancient Egypt
ProfessorWillAdams
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
▪ TheancientEgyptiansinhabitedthefertilevalleyoftheNile.
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
▪ TheancientEgyptiansinhabitedthefertilevalleyoftheNile.
▪ Theriver'sannualflooddepositedafreshlayerofsilt,renewingthefertilityofthesoil&ensuringthat,forthemostpart,thecountrywasprosperous&thepopulationsufficientlyfed.
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
▪ TheancientEgyptiansinhabitedthefertilevalleyoftheNile.
▪ Theriver'sannualflooddepositedafreshlayerofsilt,renewingthefertilityofthesoil&ensuringthat,forthemostpart,thecountrywasprosperous&thepopulationsufficientlyfed.
▪ Formuchoftheyear,mostpeoplewouldbeinvolvedinagriculturallaborofsomekind,butduringtheInundation(July–October)theworkforcewasusedbythestateforbuilding&othermajorprojectssuchas"rehabilitation"ofthelandfollowingtheflood.
Ancient Egyptian Mummification Preserving Pharaohs for an Eternity
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
▪ AnancientEgyptianwouldprovidefortheafterlifeasbestashisorhereconomicabilitieswouldallow.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
▪ AnancientEgyptianwouldprovidefortheafterlifeasbestashisorhereconomicabilitieswouldallow.
▪ Today,thismeansthatahugeamountofinformationaboutdailylifeinancientEgyptcanbefoundinthetombs.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
▪ AnancientEgyptianwouldprovidefortheafterlifeasbestashisorhereconomicabilitieswouldallow.
▪ Today,thismeansthatahugeamountofinformationaboutdailylifeinancientEgyptcanbefoundinthetombs.
▪ Examinationofmummiesprovidesinformationonhealth,diet&life-expectancy.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
▪ Theprocessofmummificationwascomplicated,includingremovingorgans&wrappingthebodyinlinencloth.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
▪ Theprocessofmummificationwascomplicated,includingremovingorgans&wrappingthebodyinlinencloth.
▪ Thebodywastreatedwithpreservativeswhichdriedoutthebodyofthemummy.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
▪ Theprocessofmummificationwascomplicated,includingremovingorgans&wrappingthebodyinlinencloth.
▪ Thebodywastreatedwithpreservativeswhichdriedoutthebodyofthemummy.
▪ TheancientEgyptiansbelievedthat,afterdeath,theirbodieswouldtraveltotheworldoftheafterlifeduringtheday&returntotheirbodiesatnight.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
▪ Ifaspiritcouldnotrecognizethebodyitbelongedto,itwoulddie.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
▪ Ifaspiritcouldnotrecognizethebodyitbelongedto,itwoulddie.
▪ ThisiswhytheEgyptianswantedtopreservethebodiesofthedeadinaslife-likeastateaspossible.
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
▪ Ifaspiritcouldnotrecognizethebodyitbelongedto,itwoulddie.
▪ ThisiswhytheEgyptianswantedtopreservethebodiesofthedeadinaslife-likeastateaspossible.
▪ Mummificationguaranteedeternallifeforthespirit.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
▪ Severalembalmersconductedthetaskinthespecialembalmingshop,orper-nefer.
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
▪ Severalembalmersconductedthetaskinthespecialembalmingshop,orper-nefer.
▪ Thechiefembalmerwasknownastheherysheshta.
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
▪ Severalembalmersconductedthetaskinthespecialembalmingshop,orper-nefer.
▪ Thechiefembalmerwasknownastheherysheshta.
▪ HeworeajackalmasktorepresentAnubis,thegodofmummification.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthedeceased’sbodywasbroughttotheper-nefer,itwaswashedwithamixtureofpalmwineandwaterfromtheNile,thenshavedofitshair.
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthedeceased’sbodywasbroughttotheper-nefer,itwaswashedwithamixtureofpalmwineandwaterfromtheNile,thenshavedofitshair.
▪ Followingthat,allofthebodypartsthatmightdecayorrotwereremoved.
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthedeceased’sbodywasbroughttotheper-nefer,itwaswashedwithamixtureofpalmwineandwaterfromtheNile,thenshavedofitshair.
▪ Followingthat,allofthebodypartsthatmightdecayorrotwereremoved.
▪ Theembalmersfirstremovedthedeceased’sbrainthroughhisorhernoseusingalonghook.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
▪ Thentheembalmerswouldturnthebodyfacedowntoallowthebraintooozeoutthroughthenostrils.
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
▪ Thentheembalmerswouldturnthebodyfacedowntoallowthebraintooozeoutthroughthenostrils.
▪ TheEgyptiansweresoroughonthebrainbecausetheydidn’trealizeitsimportance.
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
▪ Thentheembalmerswouldturnthebodyfacedowntoallowthebraintooozeoutthroughthenostrils.
▪ TheEgyptiansweresoroughonthebrainbecausetheydidn’trealizeitsimportance.
▪ Theythoughtitssolepurposewastoproducesnot!
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,theembalmerswouldremovethesoft,moistbodypartsthatwouldcausethebodytodecay.
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,theembalmerswouldremovethesoft,moistbodypartsthatwouldcausethebodytodecay.
▪ Adeepincisionwasmadeintheleftsideofthedeceased’sabdomentoremovehisorherinternalorgans,usuallythelungs,thestomach,theliverandtheintestines.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
▪ Unlikemodernhumans,theancientbelievedthattheheart,notthebrain,wastheseatofthesoul
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
▪ Unlikemodernhumans,theancientbelievedthattheheart,notthebrain,wastheseatofthesoul
▪ TheEgyptiansalsobelievedthatthehearttestifiedonbehalfofthedeceasedduringtheWeighingoftheHeartCeremonyintheafterlife.
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
▪ Unlikemodernhumans,theancientbelievedthattheheart,notthebrain,wastheseatofthesoul
▪ TheEgyptiansalsobelievedthatthehearttestifiedonbehalfofthedeceasedduringtheWeighingoftheHeartCeremonyintheafterlife.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthebody’sorganshadbeenremoved,itwasstuffedwithbundlesofastrongdryingsaltcallednatronthatwasmeanttofurtherdehydratethecorpse.
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthebody’sorganshadbeenremoved,itwasstuffedwithbundlesofastrongdryingsaltcallednatronthatwasmeanttofurtherdehydratethecorpse.
▪ Thedeceased’sentirebodywasthencoveredwithnatron&placedonaninclinedslabsothatanymoisturethenatronpulledfromthebodywouldrunofftheend,becollected&buriedwiththebody.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
▪ Theywerethenwrappedinstripsoflinen&putintoseparatecontainerscalledcanopicjars.
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
▪ Theywerethenwrappedinstripsoflinen&putintoseparatecontainerscalledcanopicjars.
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
▪ Theywerethenwrappedinstripsoflinen&putintoseparatecontainerscalledcanopicjars.
▪ TheEgyptiansbelievedthatallbodypartswouldbemagicallyreunitedintheafterlifeandthatthebodywouldbecomewholeagain,justlikethegodOsiris’shad.
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmythology,thegodOsiriswasmurderedbyhisjealousbrotherSet,whohackedOsiris’sbodyintopieces&scatteredthemintotheNile.
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmythology,thegodOsiriswasmurderedbyhisjealousbrotherSet,whohackedOsiris’sbodyintopieces&scatteredthemintotheNile.
▪ Heartbroken,Osiris’swife,thegoddessIsis,reassembledthepieceswiththeothergods’assistance&Osiriswasmagicallyrestored.
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmythology,thegodOsiriswasmurderedbyhisjealousbrotherSet,whohackedOsiris’sbodyintopieces&scatteredthemintotheNile.
▪ Heartbroken,Osiris’swife,thegoddessIsis,reassembledthepieceswiththeothergods’assistance&Osiriswasmagicallyrestored.
▪ Hethenwentontobecomethegodoftheafterlife.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
▪ Falcon-headedQebehsenufwatchedovertheintestines.
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
▪ Falcon-headedQebehsenufwatchedovertheintestines.
▪ Thebaboon-headedsonofHorus,Hapi,protectedthelungs.
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
▪ Falcon-headedQebehsenufwatchedovertheintestines.
▪ Thebaboon-headedsonofHorus,Hapi,protectedthelungs.
▪ Human-headedImsetiwasinchargeofprotectingtheliver.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,thecanopicjarswerecarefullystoredinaheavy,securechestthatwaslaterplacedinthetombwiththemummy.
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,thecanopicjarswerecarefullystoredinaheavy,securechestthatwaslaterplacedinthetombwiththemummy.
▪ ThechestofcanopicjarsontheleftwasfoundinthetombofthefamousKingTutankhamen.
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,thecanopicjarswerecarefullystoredinaheavy,securechestthatwaslaterplacedinthetombwiththemummy.
▪ ThechestofcanopicjarsontheleftwasfoundinthetombofthefamousKingTutankhamen.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
▪ Duringthattimetheskinbecameshrunken,wrinkled&leathery.
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
▪ Duringthattimetheskinbecameshrunken,wrinkled&leathery.
▪ Thebundlesofnatronwerethenremovedfromthebody’sabdomen.
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
▪ Duringthattimetheskinbecameshrunken,wrinkled&leathery.
▪ Thebundlesofnatronwerethenremovedfromthebody’sabdomen.
▪ Next,themummywaswashedwithwine&wateronemoretime&rubbedwithsacredoilstosoftentheskin.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Themummy’shead&bodywerepackedwithherbs,sawdust&linensoakedinscentedoilsothatthebodycouldregainitsshape,andtodeodorizethedeceased’sbody.
The Mummification Process
▪ Themummy’shead&bodywerepackedwithherbs,sawdust&linensoakedinscentedoilsothatthebodycouldregainitsshape,andtodeodorizethedeceased’sbody.
▪ Then,smallstonesorsmallonionswereplacedundertheeyelidstorestorealife-likeappearance.
The Mummification Process
▪ Themummy’shead&bodywerepackedwithherbs,sawdust&linensoakedinscentedoilsothatthebodycouldregainitsshape,andtodeodorizethedeceased’sbody.
▪ Then,smallstonesorsmallonionswereplacedundertheeyelidstorestorealife-likeappearance.
▪ Oncethiswasdone,themummycouldbecoveredwithnecklaces,ringsandbraceletsmadeofgold&gems.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmyth,thegodHorushadhiseyemiraculouslyrestoredafterlosingitinabattlewiththeevilgodSet.
The Mummification Process
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmyth,thegodHorushadhiseyemiraculouslyrestoredafterlosingitinabattlewiththeevilgodSet.
▪ Asaresult,TheEyeofHorus,calledawedjat,isassociatedwithhealing&protection.
The Mummification Process
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmyth,thegodHorushadhiseyemiraculouslyrestoredafterlosingitinabattlewiththeevilgodSet.
▪ Asaresult,TheEyeofHorus,calledawedjat,isassociatedwithhealing&protection.
▪ Duringmummification,awaxorbronzeplatewithawedjatcarvedonitwasplacedovertheembalmingincisiontomagicallyhealthewoundintheafterlife.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Oncethewedjatwasinplace,theentirebodywasthencoveredinshrouds&boundwithstripsoflinenuntilthemummyhadreturnedtoitsoriginalsize.
The Mummification Process
▪ Oncethewedjatwasinplace,theentirebodywasthencoveredinshrouds&boundwithstripsoflinenuntilthemummyhadreturnedtoitsoriginalsize.
▪ Thiswasacomplicatedjob,couldtakeaslongasaweek,andusuallyrequired1,000yards’worthof2–8”widelinenstrips.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Asthemummywasbeingwrapped,small,magicalcarvingscalledamuletswereinsertedbetweenthelayersoflinentofurtherprotectthemummy’sspiritonitswaytotheafterlife.
The Mummification Process
▪ Asthemummywasbeingwrapped,small,magicalcarvingscalledamuletswereinsertedbetweenthelayersoflinentofurtherprotectthemummy’sspiritonitswaytotheafterlife.
▪ Aseachlayerwasadded,itwascoatedwithresintoholdthewrappingstogetherwithawaterproofseal.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Aftertheweekofwrappingwasfinished,theheadofthemummywascoveredwithaportraitmask.
The Mummification Process
▪ Aftertheweekofwrappingwasfinished,theheadofthemummywascoveredwithaportraitmask.
▪ Thiswasdesignedtoensurethatthekawouldrecognizethebodyintheafterlife.
The Mummification Process
▪ Aftertheweekofwrappingwasfinished,theheadofthemummywascoveredwithaportraitmask.
▪ Thiswasdesignedtoensurethatthekawouldrecognizethebodyintheafterlife.
▪ Finally,thewrapped,maskedmummywasplacedintoaseriesofwooden&gildedcoffinswhichwereultimatelyplacedintoastonesarcophagus.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Onthedayofthefuneral,themummywasbroughttothewesternbankoftheNileonabarque.
The Mummification Process
▪ Onthedayofthefuneral,themummywasbroughttothewesternbankoftheNileonabarque.
▪ Themummywasnextbroughttoitstomb,whereOsiris’spriestsperformedtheOpeningoftheMouthCeremonybytouchingthedeceased’seyes,nose,andmouthofthesarcophaguswithasacredtool.
The Mummification Process
▪ Onthedayofthefuneral,themummywasbroughttothewesternbankoftheNileonabarque.
▪ Themummywasnextbroughttoitstomb,whereOsiris’spriestsperformedtheOpeningoftheMouthCeremonybytouchingthedeceased’seyes,nose,andmouthofthesarcophaguswithasacredtool.
▪ Thisritualsymbolicallyreactivatedthesesensesintheafterlife.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process▪ Thedeceased’ssarcophaguswas
thenplacedinsidethetomb’sburialchamber,theentrancetowhichwouldbesealedtopreventlootingortheft.
The Mummification Process▪ Thedeceased’ssarcophaguswas
thenplacedinsidethetomb’sburialchamber,theentrancetowhichwouldbesealedtopreventlootingortheft.
▪ Beforethetombwassealed,thedeceased’sfamilymembersdepositedfood,clothes,furniture,anddishesintotheburialchamber.
The Mummification Process▪ Thedeceased’ssarcophaguswas
thenplacedinsidethetomb’sburialchamber,theentrancetowhichwouldbesealedtopreventlootingortheft.
▪ Beforethetombwassealed,thedeceased’sfamilymembersdepositedfood,clothes,furniture,anddishesintotheburialchamber.
▪ TheydidthisbecausetheEgyptiansbelievedthedeceasedwouldneedthesameaccoutrementsintheafterlifethatheorshehadusedinhisorhermortallife.
The Mummification Process
The Mummification Process
▪ Ifyoustillcan’tgetenoughoftheEgyptianmummificationprocess,thenyoumightenjoytheopportunitytoactlikeavirtualheryshesta,usingtheQuébecMuseumofCivilization’sonlineembalminggameat:
The Mummification Process
▪ Ifyoustillcan’tgetenoughoftheEgyptianmummificationprocess,thenyoumightenjoytheopportunitytoactlikeavirtualheryshesta,usingtheQuébecMuseumofCivilization’sonlineembalminggameat:
www.mcq.org/momies
Architecture of the Afterlife Erecting A Pharaoh’s Eternal Home
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
▪ Timberwasavailableinlimitedquantity&usedforroofing.
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
▪ Timberwasavailableinlimitedquantity&usedforroofing.
▪ Nile-sourcedclaywasusedforconstruction,eitherforframeconstructionorassun-driedbrick.
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
▪ Timberwasavailableinlimitedquantity&usedforroofing.
▪ Nile-sourcedclaywasusedforconstruction,eitherforframeconstructionorassun-driedbrick.
▪ StonewasnotusedmuchduringtheearlyperiodofEgyptiancivilization,butbecamepopularlaterfortombs&temples.
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ AncientEgyptiansviewedearthlydwellingsastemporary,sotheyspentverylittleemphasisonhouseconstruction.
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ AncientEgyptiansviewedearthlydwellingsastemporary,sotheyspentverylittleemphasisonhouseconstruction.
▪ Instead,tremendouseffortwasexertedintombconstruction.
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ AncientEgyptiansviewedearthlydwellingsastemporary,sotheyspentverylittleemphasisonhouseconstruction.
▪ Instead,tremendouseffortwasexertedintombconstruction.
▪ Thisstemmedfromthebeliefthatthedeceased’stombwashisorhertruepermanentdwelling,asitwouldbeusedfortheentiretyoftheafterlife.
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ Aspreviouslystated,Egyptiansbelievedthatadeadpersonneededallherorhisworldlygoodsintheafterlife.
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ Aspreviouslystated,Egyptiansbelievedthatadeadpersonneededallherorhisworldlygoodsintheafterlife.
▪ Subsequently,thetombwasusuallypackedwithallthedeadperson’streasures.
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ Aspreviouslystated,Egyptiansbelievedthatadeadpersonneededallherorhisworldlygoodsintheafterlife.
▪ Subsequently,thetombwasusuallypackedwithallthedeadperson’streasures.
▪ Ifsomethingcouldnotbeprovided,itsimagewaspaintedonthewallsofthetomb.
Architecture of the Afterlife
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
▪ Whentheydied,theywereburiedatthenecropolisatSaqqara.
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
▪ Whentheydied,theywereburiedatthenecropolisatSaqqara.
▪ Today,verylittleofancientMemphissurvivesbecauseitsstructureswerebuiltfrominexpensive,locally-sourcedmaterials.
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
▪ Whentheydied,theywereburiedatthenecropolisatSaqqara.
▪ Today,verylittleofancientMemphissurvivesbecauseitsstructureswerebuiltfrominexpensive,locally-sourcedmaterials.
▪ Houseswerebuiltofmaterialslikewoodandmud-brick,andwereonlymeanttolastfor1lifetime.
Architecture of the Afterlife
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
▪ Thedesertsanddriedthebodiesandpreservedthem.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
▪ Thedesertsanddriedthebodiesandpreservedthem.
▪ Whenanimalspreyingonbodiesbecameaprobleminburial,thepeopledugtheirgravesdeeper.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
▪ Thedesertsanddriedthebodiesandpreservedthem.
▪ Whenanimalspreyingonbodiesbecameaprobleminburial,thepeopledugtheirgravesdeeper.
▪ Intheend,toensurethepreservationoftheirburials,theybuiltabench-likestructureovergravestocreatethefirstburialstructurecalledamastaba.
Architecture of the Afterlife
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
▪ IntheOldKingdom,rich&noblepeoplebuiltmastabasfortheirburialsinthenecropolis.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
▪ IntheOldKingdom,rich&noblepeoplebuiltmastabasfortheirburialsinthenecropolis.
▪ Aboveground,themastabalookslikealargebenchofsunbakedbricksrisingabout30feethigh,withaflatroof&slopingwalls.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
▪ IntheOldKingdom,rich&noblepeoplebuiltmastabasfortheirburialsinthenecropolis.
▪ Aboveground,themastabalookslikealargebenchofsunbakedbricksrisingabout30feethigh,withaflatroof&slopingwalls.
▪ Theearliestmastabasweredecoratedwithpaintedpatternsinbrilliantcolors.
Architecture of the Afterlife
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Internally,amastabaconsistsofthreespaces:anundergroundburialchamber&anabovegroundserdab&chapel.
▪ Theburialchamberwaslocated30feetbelowground&wastheplaceforthedeceased’ssarcophagus.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Internally,amastabaconsistsofthreespaces:anundergroundburialchamber&anabovegroundserdab&chapel.
▪ Theburialchamberwaslocated30feetbelowground&wastheplaceforthedeceased’ssarcophagus.
▪ Itwasconnectedtotheserdab&chapelabovegroundthroughashaft.
Architecture of the Afterlife
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Themastaba’sserdab&chapelarelocatedabove-ground.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Themastaba’sserdab&chapelarelocatedabove-ground.
▪ Theserdabisaroomwherethekastatueofthedeadpersoniskept.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Themastaba’sserdab&chapelarelocatedabove-ground.
▪ Theserdabisaroomwherethekastatueofthedeadpersoniskept.
▪ Thekastatuewouldactasasubstituteforthedeceased’sbodyincaseitwasdestroyedandwasalsothefocusofworshipbythedeceased’sfamilymembers.
Architecture of the Afterlife
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Somemastabashadsurroundingsecurityfencesorwalls,andsomeevenhadchambersfortheburialofthedeceased’sservantsorpets.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Somemastabashadsurroundingsecurityfencesorwalls,andsomeevenhadchambersfortheburialofthedeceased’sservantsorpets.
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Somemastabashadsurroundingsecurityfencesorwalls,andsomeevenhadchambersfortheburialofthedeceased’sservantsorpets.
▪ Thedesignofthemastabaisthearchitecturalembryothatgrewintothepyramids.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
▪ Histomb,knownastheStepPyramidofKingDjoser,wasdesignedbyImhotep(thefirstnamedartistinhistory)in2,667BCE.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
▪ Histomb,knownastheStepPyramidofKingDjoser,wasdesignedbyImhotep(thefirstnamedartistinhistory)in2,667BCE.
▪ ItwasbuiltasafuneralcomplexatthenecropolisofSaqqara.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
▪ Histomb,knownastheStepPyramidofKingDjoser,wasdesignedbyImhotep(thefirstnamedartistinhistory)in2,667BCE.
▪ ItwasbuiltasafuneralcomplexatthenecropolisofSaqqara.
▪ Initially,Imhotepconceivedofthetombasalargemastabaofstone.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ Apparently,KingDjoserdidnotlikeImhotep’sinitialidea,soinsteadImhotepdesignedaseriesoflayeredmastaba“steps”instead.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ Apparently,KingDjoserdidnotlikeImhotep’sinitialidea,soinsteadImhotepdesignedaseriesoflayeredmastaba“steps”instead.
▪ Theresultwasapyramidwithfiveslopingtierssetuponamassivemastababase.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ Apparently,KingDjoserdidnotlikeImhotep’sinitialidea,soinsteadImhotepdesignedaseriesoflayeredmastaba“steps”instead.
▪ Theresultwasapyramidwithfiveslopingtierssetuponamassivemastababase.
▪ Asaresult,thissteppyramidactsastheintermediatestepbetweenthemastabaandatruegeometricpyramid.
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
▪ ThelaterPharaohSnefrumadetwoattemptsatcreatingatruepyramid.
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
▪ ThelaterPharaohSnefrumadetwoattemptsatcreatingatruepyramid.
▪ Hisfirstattemptin2,600BCE,theBentPyramidatDahshur,hadasquareplanwithaheightof334’.
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
▪ ThelaterPharaohSnefrumadetwoattemptsatcreatingatruepyramid.
▪ Hisfirstattemptin2,600BCE,theBentPyramidatDahshur,hadasquareplanwithaheightof334’.
▪ Duetostructuralinstabilityduringconstruction,thepyramid’ssideschangedanglehalfwayup,whichledtoitsbeingnicknamedthe“BentPyramid”.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ConstructionofatruegeometricalpyramidwasfinallyachievedduringreignofKingKhufu,sonofSnefru,in2,560BCE.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ConstructionofatruegeometricalpyramidwasfinallyachievedduringreignofKingKhufu,sonofSnefru,in2,560BCE.
▪ Hispyramidislocated,alongwiththeothermostfamoustruepyramids,ontheGizaPlateauonthewestbankoftheNile.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ConstructionofatruegeometricalpyramidwasfinallyachievedduringreignofKingKhufu,sonofSnefru,in2,560BCE.
▪ Hispyramidislocated,alongwiththeothermostfamoustruepyramids,ontheGizaPlateauonthewestbankoftheNile.
▪ Thepyramidis482’highonaplanof760’square.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
▪ Thesecondandlargest,inthecenter,wasbuiltbyKingKhafre,KingCheops’sson.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
▪ Thesecondandlargest,inthecenter,wasbuiltbyKingKhafre,KingCheops’sson.
▪ ThethirdandsmallestwasbuiltbyKingMenkaure,Chefren’sson.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
▪ Thesecondandlargest,inthecenter,wasbuiltbyKingKhafre,KingCheops’sson.
▪ ThethirdandsmallestwasbuiltbyKingMenkaure,Chefren’sson.
▪ Collectively,thethreearereferredtoasthePyramidsatGiza.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Allthepyramidsweredesignedaspartofadynasticfuneralcomplexfortheburialofthepharaohs.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Allthepyramidsweredesignedaspartofadynasticfuneralcomplexfortheburialofthepharaohs.
▪ Today,Khafre’scomplexisthebestpreservedexample.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Allthepyramidsweredesignedaspartofadynasticfuneralcomplexfortheburialofthepharaohs.
▪ Today,Khafre’scomplexisthebestpreservedexample.
▪ Hiscomplexconsistofthreeinterconnectedunits:❖ AvalleytemplebytheNile
wherethepharaoh’sbodywasembalmed
❖ Apyramidmortuarytempleforrituals
❖ Alongnarrowcausewayconnectingthetwo
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
▪ Thereasonforitsconstruction&itspurposeareunclear.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
▪ Thereasonforitsconstruction&itspurposeareunclear.
▪ Atheoryholdsthatitwasproducedfromleftoverpyramidmaterialsthatwereaappliedtoanexistingstone.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
▪ Thereasonforitsconstruction&itspurposeareunclear.
▪ Atheoryholdsthatitwasproducedfromleftoverpyramidmaterialsthatwereaappliedtoanexistingstone.
▪ Itmayalsohavebeencarvedtostandguardoverthetemple&tombofKhafre.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.▪ Thatsaid,scholarsestimatethatroughly100,000menworked
3-4monthseachyearfor30yearstobuildthepyramids.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.▪ Thatsaid,scholarsestimatethatroughly100,000menworked
3-4monthseachyearfor30yearstobuildthepyramids.▪ Thematerialusedtoconstructthepyramidswaslimestone
quarriedfromnearby&transportedbyleveraction.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.▪ Thatsaid,scholarsestimatethatroughly100,000menworked
3-4monthseachyearfor30yearstobuildthepyramids.▪ Thematerialusedtoconstructthepyramidswaslimestone
quarriedfromnearby&transportedbyleveraction.▪ Pyramidconstructionworkerswerepaidinfood,clothing&
drinks.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
▪ Forstructurestobevisibleintheimmensedesert,theyhadtobebuiltonahugescale.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
▪ Forstructurestobevisibleintheimmensedesert,theyhadtobebuiltonahugescale.
▪ Thepyramidswereaproductofthewilltoachieveimmortalitybythepharaohs.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
▪ Forstructurestobevisibleintheimmensedesert,theyhadtobebuiltonahugescale.
▪ Thepyramidswereaproductofthewilltoachieveimmortalitybythepharaohs.
▪ Thepyramidswerebuiltwithsuchmonumentalitybecausetheyweretheeverlastinghomesofthepharaohs’kas.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
▪ Also,laterpharaohscouldnotaffordthecostofhugepyramidconstruction.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
▪ Also,laterpharaohscouldnotaffordthecostofhugepyramidconstruction.
▪ Ofevengreaterconcern,ancientgraverobbersquicklylearnedhowtobreakintothepyramids&stealthegoodsburiedwithpharaohs.
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
▪ Also,laterpharaohscouldnotaffordthecostofhugepyramidconstruction.
▪ Ofevengreaterconcern,ancientgraverobbersquicklylearnedhowtobreakintothepyramids&stealthegoodsburiedwithpharaohs.
▪ TheendoftheOldKingdomthereforemarkedtheendofthegreateraofEgyptianpyramidconstruction.
The End