Post on 17-Aug-2020
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Lighting
Architectural lighting design
� Required illuminance level
� Well-balanced luminance distribution
� No glare
� Good contrast
� Proper colour rendering
� Shadows
� No uncomfortably noise, heat & flicker
� Comprehensive maintenance schedule
� Compatibility with daylighting2
Lighting requirements
[source: Jens Christoffersen, Sbi, Denmark]
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1. General lighting
2. Localised lighting
3. Ambient lighting
4. Task lighting
5. Decorative lighting
6. Accent lighting
7. Architectural lighting
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Lighting design basics
> Luminaires uniformly distributed> Great flexibility> High energy use> Reflected glare is a common problem
General lighting
[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11a, p. 422; Karlen M & Benya J (2004) Lighting Design Basics. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey]
direct
0-10%
90-100%
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Localised lighting
> Distribution according to need> Less flexibility> More energy-efficient> Reduced glare by reflection
direct
0-10%
90-100%
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[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11b, p. 422]
Ambient lighting
> Walls and ceiling are part of the system > Should be completed by task lighting> Great flexibility> Little or no glare
0-10%
indirect
90-100%
40-60%
40-60%
direct-indirect
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[source: Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.4, p. 1215]
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Types of luminaires
> Should be completed by ambient lighting> Great flexibility for the occupant> Great energy efficiency> Glare can be controlled
direct
0-10%
90-100%
40-60%
40-60%
direct-indirect
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[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11f, p. 423 + Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…,fig. 20.3, p. 1214]
Task lighting
� Luminaires or lamps used as an element of architecture
� Glare must be controlled
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Decorative lighting
[source: Karlen M & Benya J (2004) Lighting Design Basics. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey; Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.17 + 20.10, p. 1219+1224]
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Cove lighting
> Spatial impression
> Good ambient lighting
> Avoid direct view of light source
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Architectural lighting
[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14a, p. 427]
> Large coffers illuminated with cove lighting
Using this type of solution in a skylight will result in loss of light towards the exterior (thus loss of energy).
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Architectural lighting
[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14b, p. 428]
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> Large coffers illuminated with cove lighting
Impression of skylights
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Architectural lighting
[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14c, p. 428]
Luminous ceiling
> impression of an overcast sky
> very diffuse lighting, not very pleasant
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Architectural lighting
[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14d, p. 428]
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Valance lighting
> increase wall luminance
> avoid direct view of light source
> not closer than 30 cm from ceiling
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Architectural lighting
[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14e, p. 429]
Cornice (soffit) lighting
> ceiling can lookdark
> direct view of the light source can be problematic
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Architectural lighting
[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14f, p. 429]
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Types of luminairesAccent lighting> Used to accentuate an architectural or
decorative element or an information> Energy efficient> Glare must be controlled
direct
0-10%
90-100%
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[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11g, p. 423 + Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.3, p. 1214]
Lighting
Electric light sources
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Lamp
Luminaire (light fixture or light fitting)
Difference between lamp and luminaire
[source: Stein & Reynolds, 2000, Mecanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.10 p. 1219]
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A luminaire is a complete lighting system. It consists of:
� a housing � lampholders� lamps, (possibly a ballast or transformer) � the optical system � the reflector, and either a lens, louver or diffuser for
controlling brightness.
it may also include some type of electrical control… dimmers, switching, daylight sensors, etc.
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[source: www.lightolier.com]
Luminaire, definition
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Incandescent CFL
Fluorescent High Intensity Discharge
Halogen LED
Electric light Sources
[source: via Jens Christoffersen, Sbi, Denmark]
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Incandescent lamps
> Tungsten (filament)> Tungsten-halogen
Discharge lamps (luminescence)> Fluorescents (standards, compacts or CFL, induction)> High intensity discharge (HID)
- mercury- metal halide- high pressure sodium
LED (light emitting diodes)
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Electric light Sources
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Many types availableBanned in Europe since 2009
Incandescent lamps: tungsten (filament)
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.3a, p. 410 + wikipedia.org]
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Incandescent lamps: tungsten-halogen
[source: www.lightolier.com + Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.3g, p. 412]
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A more concentrated beam allows illuminating objects in a more efficient way.
5,5-12 V
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> Low cost> Immediate start> Dimming to low cost> Simple installation, compact> Low cost luminaires> Can retrofit incandescent> Great optical control (focusing)> Excellent colour rendering (warm)> Flexibility (types and power, W)> No lead or mercury.
Advantages
Incandescent lamps
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting + http://www.gelighting.com/eu/resources/learn_about_light/pop_color_booth.html]
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> Short life (750-3000 hrs)> Low luminous efficacy> Traditional incandescent
phased out in Europe
Disadvantages
Incandescent lamps
[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003). La maison des négawatts]
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Luminous efficacy
Incandescent
Halogen
Compact fluo
Fluorescent
Incandescent lamps
[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003). La maison des négawatts]
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Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.4, 14.5c, p. 412, 414 + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg]
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Applications:�General and ambient lighting�Energy savings�Places that are difficult to access
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T2
¼ “
T8
1”
T5
5/8”
T12
1 ½”
Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.5a, p. 413]
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Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.4, 14.5c, p. 412, 414 + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg]
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> Long lamp life> High luminous efficacy> Good colour rendering
Advantages
Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps
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� High initial cost (ballast)� Flashing, noise� Low optical control� Sensitive to temperature (do not
use under very cold or very warm conditions, >10ºC)
� Contain mercury, which is highly toxic
� Light output decay
Disadvantages
One fluorescent tube contains enough mercury to pollute 30000 litres of water
Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting]
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Compact lamp allowing a good optical control
Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.5b, p. 413]
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Applications:�Desk top lamps�Suspended lamps�Decorative lamps�Garden lamps
Colour renderingType of lamp Power(W) Luminous
efficacy (lm/W)
Colour temperature (K)
Incandescent 25-100 11-14 2600 (warm)
Halogen 60-500 14-19 3000
Halogen low-pressure
10-50 13-19 2900
Fluorescent 10-60 50-80 4000 (white)
3000 (warm white)
2700 (gold white)
Fluo compact 3-23 55-65 2700 (warm)
Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps
[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]
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� Long lamp life (6000-15000 hrs)� High luminous efficacy� Good optical control� Good colour rendering (warm)
Advantages
Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps
[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]
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� Health aspects� Higher initial cost� Contains mercury, which is very
toxic� Sensitive to temperature
(cannot be used under very warm or cold conditions >10ºC)
� Long start time� Light output decay
Disadvantages
Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps
[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]
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�Mercury�Metal halide� Low- and high-pressure sodium
•
ballast
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.6b, p. 416 + Salomon & Bedel (2003). La maison des négawatts]
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High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
[source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp]
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�Mercury vapor lamps�Metal halide (MH) lamps�Ceramic MH lamps�Sodium vapor lamps�Xenon short-arc lamps
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> Very long lamp life> Very high luminous efficacy(90 lm/W)
> Relatively good optical control
Advantages
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
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� Slow start
� Relatively poor colour rendering
� Contain mercury
Disadvantages
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
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Fluorescent lamps that use radio waves instead of electric arc.
Induction lamps
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[source: Karlen M & Benya JR, 2004, Lighting design basics, New Jersey : John Wiley & sons]
LED : Light Emitting Diode
[source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RBG-LED.jpg]
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LED : Light Emitting Diode
[source: www.lightolier.com]
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� Temperature dependenceDisadvantages