Chance DuBose

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Helena: Aquatic Plant Control 101

Chance DuBose, Tim McDuffie IVM Account Manager’s

James Boggs Jr., Branch Manager, Florida IVM

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Presentation Outline (Approximately)

• Introduction • Types of Aquatic Plants (Know your enemy) • Control Methods (IPM/BMPs) • Herbicide Application Techniques • Herbicides Available for Aquatic Use • Special Considerations for Aquatic Treatments • Reference Material • Questions and Answers

Aquatic Weeds

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INTRODUCTION

Aquatic Weeds

4.1.4

Aquatic Food Chain or Energy Pyramid

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INTRODUCTION

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.5

For the purpose of this discussion aquatic weeds (plants) can be categorized as:

Algae

Floating Plants

Submersed (Submerged) – under water

Emersed (Emergent) – above water

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INTRODUCTION

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.6

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ALGAE

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.7

PLANKTONIC ALGAE (Unicellular)

Suspended in top few feet of water

May form undesirable “blooms”

Heavy blooms can resemble a paint spill

Decaying blooms deplete oxygen in water

May release toxins into the water

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ALGAE

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.8

PLANKTONIC ALGAL SCUM

Normally a Blue-Green Algae

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Toxic Algae: St. Johns River Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)

(unicellular or planktonic)

Aquatic Weeds

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ALGAE

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.10

FILAMENTOUS ALGAE

Always there, as small to microscopic threads

Form fur-like mats on submerged surfaces

Overabundance causes problems

Mats can break free and float

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LYNGBYA: SPRING’S IN FLORIDA (filamentous)

Aquatic Weeds

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ALGAE

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.12

FILAMENTOUS ALGAL MAT- Lyngbya (blue-green algae)

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HIGHER ALGAE

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.13

ATTACHED-ERECT ALGAE

Resemble higher plants

Found in hard (mineral-rich) water

Muskgrass and Stonewort

Have odor and bristly,

gritty feel

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FLOATING WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.14

DUCKWEED

Tiny to small plants

Often mistaken for algae

Herbicide- Clipper (Flumioxazine)

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FLOATING WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.15

DUCKWEED- Rarely exists alone

4 different floating plants in photo

All 4 can reproduce very rapidly

High Nutrient load here

Control can lead to algal dominated system

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FLOATING WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.16

Water Hyacinth

INTRODUCED FLOATING WEEDS

Origin: Tropical South America

Hardball (2,4-D) for control

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Know your Enemy Example- 2,4-D Controls Hyacinth

Aquatic Weeds

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SUBMERSED WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.18

PONDWEEDS

Appearance varies by species

10 species in US and at least

5 are in Florida Copyright 2000 University of Florida

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SUBMERSED WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.19

Hydrilla sp.

Introduced

Rooted in substrate

Tubers

Teeth on leaves

variable whorls

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Know your Enemy-

Aquathol control Hydrilla sp.

Aquatic Weeds

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EMERSED WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.21

CATTAILS- Typha spp.

Familiar and common Flower Spike like corndog Roots are edible

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EMERSED WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.22

CREEPING WATERPRIMROSE

Introduced

Forms dense mats

New Sp. In Kissimmee

Chain

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EMERSED WEEDS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.23

BULRUSHES-

Many species, some endangered

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Know your Enemy Example

Aquatic Weeds

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AQUATIC WEED CONTROL

4.1.25

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

(IPM)

PREVENTIVE

MECHANICAL

BIOLOGICAL

CHEMICAL

Aquatic Weeds

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PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.26

POND AND DITCH DESIGN

FERTILIZATION (ALGAL GROWTH)

REDUCE LIGHT (AQUASHADE)

DRAINING AND DRYING

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AQUATIC WEED CONTROL

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.27

Mechanical

Chemical

Biological

Integrated Pest Management

(IPM)

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MECHANICAL METHODS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.28

CHAINING, DRAGLINE CLEARING

MACHINE HARVESTING

CHOPPING/MOWING MACHINES

HAND SKIMMING

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MECHANICAL METHODS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.29

MACHINE HARVESTING

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BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.30

TILAPIA

INSECTS GRASS CARP

Photo – Belinda Hoots

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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.31

Photo – Belinda Hoots

“POSTER CHILD”

Before 1964 --- After 1965

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BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.32

Photo – Belinda Hoots

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CHEMICAL CONTROLS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.33

Prefer to use Herbicide instead of Chemical

(Most every thing is a chemical)

UNDERSTAND AND CARRY OUT ALL LABEL WARNINGS

AND DIRECTIONS

CORRECTLY IDENTIFY THE TARGET WEED(S)

CALCULATE AREA AND VOLUME ACCURATELY- Surface

vs. Submersed Treatments

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HERBICIDE DISPERSAL

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.34

FORMULATION AND APPLICATION METHOD

Liquid Formulations:

Can be surface or sub-surface treatment

No sub-surface with aircraft (trailing hoses)

Granular Formulations:

Can be hand spread, hand-held spreader, with boat or aircraft

Granules can be Safer, Specific Placement

Normally more expensive and labor intensive

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HERBICIDE DISPERSAL

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.35

Helicopter Liquid and Granular Application

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HERBICIDE DISPERSAL

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.36

Airboat application of granular products

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DOUBLE SPREADERS

Aquatic Weeds

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SUB-SURFACE LIQUID APPLICATION

WEIGHTED TRAILING HOSES OR

CAN POSITION JUST ABOVE THE WATER

Aquatic Weeds

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Hoses behind boat to avoid debris and trailing hose configuration

Submersed Cont.

Aquatic Weeds

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Surface Applications

Aquatic Weeds

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Originally 7 Aquatic Herbicides Currently 15 Products Registered for use in Florida

Aquatic Weeds

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**ALGAECIDE PRODUCTS**

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.42

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS FOR ALGAE-all contact products

Copper

Diquat

Endothall (Hydrothol 191)

Hydrogen Dioxide

Blue Dye (light Attenuation) Preventative Copper sulfate nuggets and crystals

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CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.43

FOR FLOATING WEEDS

2,4-D (Organo-auxin)

Diquat (Divalent Cation)

Endothall (aquathol)

Glyphosate (Rodeo™)

Carfentrazone-ethyl (PPO)

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CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.44

FOR SUBMERSED WEEDS

2,4-D

Diquat (photosynthesis & cell membrane)

Endothall (unspecified mode of action)

Fluridone (Inhibition of phytoene desaturase (pds) enzyme)

Carfentrazone-ethyl (PPO inhibitor)

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CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.45

FOR EMERSED WEEDS

2,4-D (Amine, Ester, and Acid)

Diquat Dibromide

Endothall Products

Glyphosate (Rodeo™)

Carfentrazone-ethyl

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Newer to Aquatics (Labeled)

Triclopyr (Renovate) (organo-auxin) Imazapyr- Broad spectrum (ALS Inhibitor) Carfentrazone-ethyl (Stingray) (PPO Inhibitor)

was FMC… Recently picked up by SePRO? Synergistic effects

Aquatic Weeds

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Latest Round of Products Most are Acetolactate Synthase or ALS inhibitors

ALS Resistance is almost certain with repetitive treatments

Penoxsulam (Galleon) only use limit is irrigation Imazamox (Clearcast)- Selective-no use restriction

Good on Taro, Tallow, phrag., Hyacinth, 3-7 d on Hyd. Bispyribac (Tradewind) Slow, but long term contrl Flumioxazin (Clipper)

PPO or Protox enzyme inhibitor: protoporphyrinogen oxidase is the enzyme inhibited

Following rice and terrestrial trend. Fluridone resistance stimulated look at ALS.

Aquatic Weeds

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ALS Continued: Recent use Pattern

Penoxsulam and Endothall are good together Additivity or synergy has been observed Reduce biomass and exposure time

requirement **Too early to draw consistent conclusions

about increased efficacy and longevity

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What’s Next In Aquatics???

Grass Control Herbicides- From Researchers Fluazifop or Fusilade II, for one Oasis from SePRO- true bleacher HPPD Triax from SePRO- Copper, Diquat and

Fluridone mixed in one product.

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Aquatic Treatments

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.50

WATER MAY BE…

STATIC

LIMITED-FLOW

MOVING

This affects what happens to your treatment

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS in Aquatic Systems

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.51

USE GOOD WORK PRACTICES and PROPER HERBICIDE STEWARDSHIP: the label is the law!

Protect ground water by protecting surface water

Avoid drift, leaching and run-off

Avoid unintentional contamination of water

Check for label changes and read and follow the label

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS in Aquatic Systems

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.52

WHAT IS THE WATER USED FOR?

There may be many answers

The answer(s) will affect your methods and choice of materials

Drinking, Swimming, Irrigation, Live Stock etc.

THE LABEL WILL WARN YOU ON WHAT TO LOOK FOR

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS in Aquatic Systems

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.53

WHAT ARE THE DOWNSTREAM USES OF THE WATER?

Crops could be damaged

Salt marshes, estuaries could be impacted/affected

Industrial plants could be affected

Drinking water supply could be affected

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DRINKING WATER SUPPLY!!

Aquatic Weeds

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Wekiva River

JAX NAS

St. Johns River

River Water for Domestic Purposes

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS in Aquatic Systems

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.56

LIMITED-AREA APPLICATIONS vs. WHOLE LAKE TREATMENTS

**Some Labels Recommend “Split Treatments”

Gives fish a safer haven than the treated site

Done with low-toxicity applications

Less oxygen depletion (hot weather)

Good for Thick Infestations

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Reference Material

Aquatic Plants

4.1.57

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APIS Aquatic Plant Information System (now online)

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Reference Material WEB Sites

Aquatic Weeds 4.1.60

http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/invasive_species/index.htm

http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/ie6/index.html

http://www.cdms.net/LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx?t=

http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/

http://www.fw.umn.edu/research/milfoil/milfoilbc.html

http://www.apms.org/

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/wild/fisheries/weed_mgt/

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AQUATIC WEEDS

4.1.61

THE END!

Any Question?

Chance DuBose 407-256-2342 cell dubosec@helenachemical.com