Animal Regulatory SystemsI.

Designs A. Systems1.

Why?2. Nervous System Overview

Electrical response

Figure 48.3

Nervous system is designed for a quick response, evaluation, and respond again.

3. Endocrine System Overview

Figure 45.4

Chemical response

Endocrine system design slow response, evaluate, and respond again

Figure 45.11

II. Nervous System A. Nervous

Cells1. Neurona. Parts of a Neuron dendrites, cell body

(soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs

Figure 48.4

b. Types of neurons

Figure 48.5

i. based on function. ii. based on structure.

Neurons.

2. Supporting Cellsa. CNS Supporting cells Glial cells (astrocyte,

oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage)

Figure 49.6

b. PNS Supporting cells the Schwann and satellite cells

Figure 48.13

B. Communication

1. Nerve Impulsea. Events: i. resting potential, ii. threshold

stimuli, iii. depolarization, iv. repolarization, and v. hyperpolarization

Figure 48.7

Figure 48.11

b. Refractory Periods (i. absolute vs. ii. relative)

c. Self-Propagation

Figure 48.12

d. Saltatory Conduction

Figure 48.14

2. Synapse a. Structure electrical and

chemical signals

Figure 48.15

Neurotransmitters Table

48.2

b. Function

Figure 48.16

i. integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP

ii. Summation

Figure 48.17

C. Nervous Strategies1.

Development

a. Nerve Net Cnidariansb. Cephalization Platyhelminthesc. Ganglia to a ventral nerve cord Annelids

Figure 49.2

Advantage?

2. Vertebrate Nervous Systema.

OverviewVertebrate nervous system CNS and PNS,

motor and sensory

Figure 49.4 Figure

49.7

b. Peripheral Nervous Systemi. Cranial

NervesMammals 12 pair of cranial nerves

ii. Spinal Nerves31 pair of spinal

nerves

iii. Spinal Nerve Coverage

Dermatomes

Components of a reflex arc

Figure 49.3

iv. Autonomic NervesAutonomic Nervous System homeostatic

side of nerves divided into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Figure 49.8

The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by:

Length of Preganglionic Neurons Effects

Coverage Network

Origin of Preganglionic Neurons

Neurotransmitter Released

Effectors Receptors

c. Central Nervous Systemi.

DevelopmentCentral Nervous System dorsal hollow nerve cord

Figure 49.9

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem

Figure 49.8

ii. Brain

The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)

Figure 49.15 Figure

49.17

Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem

Figure 49.8

Reticular formation = Arousal

Figure 49.10

EEG = Tracing

Figure 49.11Emotions =

Fun? Memory/Learning

Figure 49.13

Random thoughts:

Telephone cable

Connections

iii. Spinal Cord

Reflexes

III. Endocrine System A.

Design1. Invertebrates

B. Animal Strategies

a. Molting (ecdysis) crustaceans and insects

i. Crustaceans eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)

b. Glands & Hormones

ii. Insects ecdysis brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)

Figure 45.10

2. Vertebrates

a. Glands

Figure 45.4

b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms

and then some.

c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway

Figure 45.6

d. Regulation via feedback loops