Post on 24-Feb-2016
description
Animal Kingdom
What is an Animal?
• Most diverse kingdom in appearance
• Each phylum has its own typical body plan (arrangement)
Characteristics
• All multicellular (metazoans) & eukaryotic• Cells lack cell walls & come in a variety of
shapes• Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food &
internally digest it)• Store food reserves temporarily as glycogen in
the liver• Have some type of skeletal support
Characteristics
Exoskeletons found in arthropods cover the outside of the body but limit size
Endoskeletons found in all vertebrates are found inside the body & are made of cartilage &/or bone
Worms have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them skeletal support
Sponges have the simplest skeleton May be sessile (attached & non-moving) or motile
(able to move around)Muscular tissue provides energy for
movement
Characteristics• Reproduce sexually• Show levels of organization
including cell, tissue, organ, & system
• Cells are specialized for particular functions
• Most vertebrates have a backbone or spine made of repeating bones called vertebrae that protect the spinal cord
• Some show cephalization (have a head with sensory organs concentrated there)
Invertebrates
• Simplest animals• Contains the greatest number of animal
species• Most found in water• Do not have an backbone• Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms,
roundworms, annelids (segmented worms), mollusks, arthropods, & echinoderms
Vertebrates
• More complex animals• Most have a backbone• Includes fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, & mammals
Body Areas Dorsal is the back or upper surface Ventral is the belly or lower surface Anterior head or f ront end Posterior is the tail or hind end opposite the head Oral surface in echinoderms is where the mouth is located
(underside) Aboral surface in echinoderms is the surface opposite the mouth
(top side)
DORSAL
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
VENTRAL
Symmetry
Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis the body plan of an animal, how its parts are
arranged
Asymmetry occurs when the body can't be divided into similar sections (sponges)
Asymmetry
Asymmetry occurs when the body can't be divided into similar sections
SpongesCorals
Radial Symmetry• Radial symmetry occurs when similar body
parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel – Echinoderms
• (starfish, hydra, jellyfish)
• Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little)
Bilateral Symmetry• Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can
be divided into equal halves along a single plane (right & left sides that are mirror images)
• Animals with bilateral symmetry are more complex, usually motile organisms, such as worms, arthropods, and all vertebrates
• Animals with bilateral symmetry show cephalization & have anterior & posterior ends
Bilateral Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
anterior - toward the head posterior - toward the tail dorsal - back side ventral - belly side
Segmentation - "advanced" animals have body segments, and specialization of tissue (even humans are segmented, look at the ribs and spine)
Types of AnimalsPhylum Examples Evolutionary Milestone
Porifera Sponges multicellularity
Cnidaria jellyfish, hydra, coral tissues
Platyhelminthes flatworms bilateral symmetry
Nematoda roundworms pseudocoelom
Mollusca clams, squids, snails coelom
Annalida earthworms, leeches segmentation
Arthropoda insects, spiders, crustaceans jointed appendages
Echinodermata starfish deuterostomes
Chordata vertebrates notochord