Anatomy of the Digestive System:

accessory organs

Anatomi Manusia

Dept. Gizi Masyarakat

FEMA IPB

Mouth

• Structure of the Oral Cavity

1.Lips

2.Cheeks

• Lateral boundaries of the oral cavity

• Formed largely by the buccinator muscle lined with mucous membrane

Mouth

3. Hard and Soft Palate• Hard palate: palatine and maxillary bones• soft palate: muscular arch separating the mouth from the nose• Uvula: projects off the soft palate

4. Tongue• Skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane• Covered with papillae which contain taste buds• Lingual frenulum helps anchor the tongue to the floor of the mouth• Rich supply of blood vessels allows for quick absorption (sublingual

medications)• Intrinsic muscles: originate and insert in the mouth, used for mastication

and speech• Extrinsic muscles: insert into the tongue, but originate from the hyoid or

skull bones, used for swallowing (deglutition) and speech

Mouth5. Salivary Glands

– Parotid glands

• Anterior and inferior to the ear

• Produce watery saliva containing enzymes; open into the mouth via the Stenson ducts

• Inflammation = mumps

– Submandibular glands

• At the mandibular angle

• Produce saliva containing enzymes and mucus

• Wharton ducts open into the mouth on either side of the frenulum

– Sublingual glands

• In front of the submandibular glands

• Drained by ducts of Rivinus

• Produce mucus saliva

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Teeth

• Involved in mastication and speech

• Crown: Exposed portion of the tooth

• Neck: enameled part of tooth below gum line

• Root: anchors the tooth into the periodontal membrane

• Enamel: Hard, protective outer covering

• Dentin: living, cellular, calcified tissue within the root, dentin is covered by cellular bone-like structure that helps hold tooth in the socket.

Teeth (cont’d)

• Pulp cavity within the dentin, filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

• Periodontal ligaments: hold tooth in socket.

• Cementum: Anchors the root

• Gingiva: dense, fibrous C.T. covered by stratified squamous epithelium

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Teeth

• Two sets

– Primary, deciduous, milk: Childhood

– Permanent or secondary: Adult (32)

• Types

– Incisors, canines, premolars and molars

Liver

• Lies immediately beneath the diaphragm, within the right hypochondrium

• 2 lobes separated by the falciform ligament– Right lobe

• Right lobe proper, caudate lobe and quadrate lobe

– Left lobe

• Each lobe is separated into lobules and supported by a capsule of Glisson– A central vein extends through each lobule– Hepatic cells, sinusoids, bile canaliculi, arteries and

veins also make up the lobules

Liver

• Hepatic lobule function

– Blood enters lobule from hepatic artery

– Blood oxygenates hepatocytes

– Sinusoids contain phagocytic Kupffer cells

– Blood continues along the sinusoids to the central vein

– Central veins lead to the main hepatic veins which drain into the inferior vena cava

– Bile formed by hepatocyes passes through the canaliculito join bile ducts

Liver

• Bile Ducts

– Small bile ducts join to form the right and left hepatic ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct

– The common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct

– Bile is emptied into the SI at the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

Gallbladder

• Lies underneath the liver

• Cholecystitis – GB inflammation

• Cholelithiasis –gallstone formation

• Cholecytectomy – GB removal

Gallbladder Functions

•The GB stores bile and concentrates it

•During fat digestion, the GB contracts and ejects bile into the duodenum

•Jaundice results when an obstruction of bile flow occurs

–Bile cannot be lost through the feces and enters the blood, creating a yellowish skin hue

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Pancreas

• endocrine and exocrine• Head, body and tail• Endocrine: pancreatic islets. Produce

insulin, glucose, and somatostatin• Exocrine: groups acini (grape-like

cluster) form lobules separated by septa, produce digestive enzymes

•Intercalated ducts lead to intralobular

ducts lead to interlobular ducts lead to

the pancreatic duct.

•Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct

and enters duodenum at the

hepatopancreatic ampulla controlled by

the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter

Histology of Pancreas

Blood Supply

SUMMARY

Terima Kasih