An Exploration of Parenting Styles’ Impact on the Development of

Values

Kristi A. Mannon, M.S., Rawya M. Al-Jabari, M.S., Amy R. Murrell, Ph.D., Erin K.M. Hogan, B.S., & Teresa C. Hulsey, B.A.

Emerging Adulthood

• Emerging adulthood is a unique developmental stage

• Emerging adults have a unique opportunity to form their identity and develop a value system (Hauser & Greene, 1991)

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy & Values• Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a

treatment model that specifically addresses values

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Family Value Transmission Model

• Relatedness/closeness is key to the internalizing values from one’s environment (Niemiec et al., 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2000)

• Parenting style is thought to impact value transmission (Grusec, Goodnow, and Kuczynski, 2000)

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Parenting Styles• Various theories exist in regards to the best

parenting styles and the way those styles are defined

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Parenting Style and Values 1

High Responsiveness

Low Responsiveness

High Demandingness

Low Demandingness

Purpose of Current Study

• Is parenting style related to the degree to which values are freely chosen (i.e., intrinsic) versus based on external circumstances (i.e., extrinsic)?

• Examine: relationships between parenting styles, parent-child relationship, and values transmission

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Hypothesis 11. Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship would be correlated

• 1a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship

• 1b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship

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Hypothesis 2

2. Parenting style would be correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen

• 2a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen

• 2b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis 33. Quality of parent-child relationship would be positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis 4

• 4. Parenting style would impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesized Path Model

Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre

+

Authoritarian Parenting Style

(PAQ)

Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)

Value Purity (VPS_PVQ)

+

-

Authoritative Parenting Style

(PAQ)

Permissive Parenting Style

(PAQ)

+ - eVPS_

PVQ

eVPS_

PVQ

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Participants

• 454 undergraduate from UNT volunteered for Sona• Inclusion into the study included:

• (a) English-speaking • (b) between the ages of 18 and 25 years old

• Mean age of 19.86 (SD = 1.7)

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Participants

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Measures

• Demographics Questionnaire• Personal Values Questionnaire (PVQ)• Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ)• Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI)

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Primary Analysis

• Correlation matrix

• Regression models

• Analysis of path models and fit

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Hypothesis 1: Supported

Female Caregivers1.Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated

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Hypothesis Scale r Significance

1a Authoritarian - QRI -.38 p < .01

1b Authoritative -QRI .64 p < .01

Hypothesis 2: Supported

Female Caregivers2.Parenting styles were correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis Scales r Significance

2a Authoritarian- PVQ -.59 p < .01

2b Authoritative -PVQ .47 p < .01

Hypothesis 3: Supported

Female Caregivers3.The quality of parent-child relationship was positively correlated with degree the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis Scale r Significance

3 QRI -PVQ .54 p < .01

Hypothesis 4: Supported

Female Caregivers4.Parenting styles impacted the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

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First Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.17 -.03 p < .001

Authoritative .57 .11 p < .001

Second Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.43 -1.70 p < .001

Authoritative .12 .53 p < .001

Emotional Support .30 6.80 p < .001

Hypothesis 4: Supported

Female Caregivers

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Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre; **p < .001

Authoritative Parenting Style

(PAQ) Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)

Value Purity (VPS_PVQ)

Authoritarian Parenting Style

(PAQ)

Permissive Parenting Style

(PAQ)

e =.73

e =.75

-.17**

.57**

.12**

-.43**

.30**

r =-.37**

r = -.38**

r = .32**

Female Caregivers Model Fit

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Statistic Result

RMSEA = .03 Between an excellent and good fit

NFI = . 996 Good fit

χ2 = (2) = 2.58, p > .05 Good fit

Hypothesis 1: Supported

Male Caregivers1.Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated

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Hypothesis Scale r Significance

1a Authoritarian - QRI -.24 p < .01

1b Authoritative -QRI .65 p < .01

Hypothesis 2: Not Supported

Male Caregivers2.Parenting styles were not significantly correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis Scales r Significance

2a Authoritarian- PVQ -.07 Not Significant

2b Authoritative -PVQ .07 Not Significant

Hypothesis 3: Not Supported

Male Caregivers3.The quality of parent-child relationship was not significantly positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis Scale r Significance

3 QRI -PVQ .09 Not Significant

Hypothesis 4: Not SupportedMale Caregivers4.Parenting style did not significantly impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

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First Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.04 -.01 p = .42

Authoritative .64 .10 p < .001

Second Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.05 -.21 p = .40

Authoritative .004 .01 p = .96

Emotional Support .07 .01 p = .32

Hypothesis 4: Not Supported

Male Caregivers

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Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre; **p < .001

Authoritative Parenting Style

(PAQ)

Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)

Value Purity (VPS_PVQ)

Authoritarian Parenting Style

(PAQ)

Permissive Parenting Style

(PAQ)

e =.99

e =.76

-.05

.64

.004

.07 r = .41**

r =-.32**

r =-.48**

-.04

Male Caregivers Model FitStatistic Result

NFI = .94 Not a good fit

χ2 = (2) = 19.704, p < .001 Not a good fit

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Discussion• Female Caregivers

• Parents impact value transmission through parenting style• Authoritative parents => children who

have more freely chosen or intrinsic values

• Perhaps the parent-child relationship is important in the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Discussion• Male Caregivers

• Parenting styles impacts quality of parent-child relationship

• Authoritarian nor Authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • Trending…

• Parent-child relationship not correlated with degree values are freely chosen • In the right direction… 29

Limitations

• Research design• Measurement• Generalizability• Method of data

collection

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Clinical Implications• Importance of values:

• High valuing is negatively correlated with various symptoms of psychopathology (Adcock, Murrell, & Woods, 2007; Plumb et al. 2007; VanDyke, Rogers, & Wilson, 2006; Taravella, 2010; McCracken & Yang, 2006)

• Levels of distress:• Inverse relationship between acceptance and valuing

behavior and psychological distress• College student mental health issues have been on

the rise (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010)

• Examining values better understanding and aid in treatment and intervention

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Thank you!

Rawya Al-Jabari, MSUniversity of North Texas

RawyaAl-Jabari@my.unt.edu

Kristi Mannon, MSUniversity of North Texas

KristiMannon@my.unt.edu