An Exploration of Parenting Styles’ Impact on the Development of Values Kristi A. Mannon, M.S.,...

An Exploration of Parenting Styles’ Impact on the Development of

Values

Kristi A. Mannon, M.S., Rawya M. Al-Jabari, M.S., Amy R. Murrell, Ph.D., Erin K.M. Hogan, B.S., & Teresa C. Hulsey, B.A.

Emerging Adulthood

• Emerging adulthood is a unique developmental stage

• Emerging adults have a unique opportunity to form their identity and develop a value system (Hauser & Greene, 1991)

2

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy & Values• Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a

treatment model that specifically addresses values

3

Family Value Transmission Model

• Relatedness/closeness is key to the internalizing values from one’s environment (Niemiec et al., 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2000)

• Parenting style is thought to impact value transmission (Grusec, Goodnow, and Kuczynski, 2000)

4

Parenting Styles• Various theories exist in regards to the best

parenting styles and the way those styles are defined

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Parenting Style and Values 1

High Responsiveness

Low Responsiveness

High Demandingness

Low Demandingness

Purpose of Current Study

• Is parenting style related to the degree to which values are freely chosen (i.e., intrinsic) versus based on external circumstances (i.e., extrinsic)?

• Examine: relationships between parenting styles, parent-child relationship, and values transmission

6

Hypothesis 11. Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship would be correlated

• 1a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship

• 1b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship

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Hypothesis 2

2. Parenting style would be correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen

• 2a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen

• 2b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis 33. Quality of parent-child relationship would be positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis 4

• 4. Parenting style would impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesized Path Model

Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre

+

Authoritarian Parenting Style

(PAQ)

Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)

Value Purity (VPS_PVQ)

+

-

Authoritative Parenting Style

(PAQ)

Permissive Parenting Style

(PAQ)

+ - eVPS_

PVQ

eVPS_

PVQ

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Participants

• 454 undergraduate from UNT volunteered for Sona• Inclusion into the study included:

• (a) English-speaking • (b) between the ages of 18 and 25 years old

• Mean age of 19.86 (SD = 1.7)

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Participants

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Measures

• Demographics Questionnaire• Personal Values Questionnaire (PVQ)• Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ)• Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI)

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Primary Analysis

• Correlation matrix

• Regression models

• Analysis of path models and fit

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Hypothesis 1: Supported

Female Caregivers1.Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated

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Hypothesis Scale r Significance

1a Authoritarian - QRI -.38 p < .01

1b Authoritative -QRI .64 p < .01


Female Caregivers2.Parenting styles were correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis Scales r Significance

2a Authoritarian- PVQ -.59 p < .01

2b Authoritative -PVQ .47 p < .01


Female Caregivers3.The quality of parent-child relationship was positively correlated with degree the degree to which values are freely chosen

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3 QRI -PVQ .54 p < .01


Female Caregivers4.Parenting styles impacted the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

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First Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.17 -.03 p < .001

Authoritative .57 .11 p < .001

Second Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.43 -1.70 p < .001


Emotional Support .30 6.80 p < .001


Female Caregivers

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Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre; **p < .001


(PAQ) Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)



(PAQ)


(PAQ)

e =.73

e =.75

-.17**

.57**

.12**

-.43**

.30**

r =-.37**

r = -.38**

r = .32**

Female Caregivers Model Fit

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Statistic Result

RMSEA = .03 Between an excellent and good fit

NFI = . 996 Good fit

χ2 = (2) = 2.58, p > .05 Good fit


Male Caregivers1.Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated

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1a Authoritarian - QRI -.24 p < .01

1b Authoritative -QRI .65 p < .01

Hypothesis 2: Not Supported

Male Caregivers2.Parenting styles were not significantly correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Hypothesis Scales r Significance

2a Authoritarian- PVQ -.07 Not Significant

2b Authoritative -PVQ .07 Not Significant


Male Caregivers3.The quality of parent-child relationship was not significantly positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen

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3 QRI -PVQ .09 Not Significant

Hypothesis 4: Not SupportedMale Caregivers4.Parenting style did not significantly impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

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First Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.04 -.01 p = .42


Second Regression Model

β B p

Authoritarian -.05 -.21 p = .40

Authoritative .004 .01 p = .96

Emotional Support .07 .01 p = .32


Male Caregivers

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Note: PVQ = Parental Authority Questionnaire; ESS_QRI = Emotional Support Scale of Quality of Relationship Inventory; VPS_PVQ = Value Purity Score of Personal Values Questionairre; **p < .001


(PAQ)

Parent-Child Relationship (ESS_QRI)



(PAQ)


(PAQ)

e =.99

e =.76

-.05

.64

.004

.07 r = .41**

r =-.32**

r =-.48**

-.04

Male Caregivers Model FitStatistic Result

NFI = .94 Not a good fit

χ2 = (2) = 19.704, p < .001 Not a good fit

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Discussion• Female Caregivers

• Parents impact value transmission through parenting style• Authoritative parents => children who

have more freely chosen or intrinsic values

• Perhaps the parent-child relationship is important in the degree to which values are freely chosen

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Discussion• Male Caregivers

• Parenting styles impacts quality of parent-child relationship

• Authoritarian nor Authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • Trending…

• Parent-child relationship not correlated with degree values are freely chosen • In the right direction… 29

Limitations

• Research design• Measurement• Generalizability• Method of data

collection

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Clinical Implications• Importance of values:

• High valuing is negatively correlated with various symptoms of psychopathology (Adcock, Murrell, & Woods, 2007; Plumb et al. 2007; VanDyke, Rogers, & Wilson, 2006; Taravella, 2010; McCracken & Yang, 2006)

• Levels of distress:• Inverse relationship between acceptance and valuing

behavior and psychological distress• College student mental health issues have been on

the rise (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010)

• Examining values better understanding and aid in treatment and intervention

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Thank you!

Rawya Al-Jabari, MSUniversity of North Texas

[email protected]

Kristi Mannon, MSUniversity of North Texas

[email protected]

An Exploration of Parenting Styles’ Impact on the Development of Values Kristi A. Mannon, M.S.,...

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