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Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Vol. 4(1) February 2015 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Copyright © 2015 Leena and Luna International, Oyama, Japan.
165 | P a g e (株) リナアンドルナインターナショナル, 小山市、日本.
ISSN: 2186-8492, ISSN: 2186-8484 Print
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An Empirical Investigation of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama on
Respiratory Parameters
Baljinder Singh Bal
Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar, INDIA.
bal_baljindersingh@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to examine the effects of chandra nadi pranayama on respiratory
parameters. To investigate this 32, university level girls of Department of Physical
Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26
years (Mean ± SD: age 21.17 ± 1.53 yrs, height 5.42 ± 0.15 ft, body mass 61.16 ±
3.10 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects from experimental
group were subjected to a 4-week training of chandra-nadi pranayama. Student t test
for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test.
Significant differences were found in Tidal Volume (VT) and Inspiratory Capacity
(IC) whereas, no significant differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Vital Capacity (VC) in the
experimental group. The result further indicates that no significant changes over that
4- week period were noted in the control group.
Keywords: Chandra-Nadi Pranayama, Tidal Volume, Expiratory Reserve
Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Vital Capacity, Inspiratory Capacity.
INTRODUCTION
Patanjali, the foremost exponent of Yoga, described pranayama as the gradual, unforced
cessation of breathing (Bhaduri, 2000).Yoga is a conventional long-established and time-
tested art and therapeutic science that has positive contribution to make in maintenance of
general wellbeing and happiness. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in
scientific research on yoga in the east and in the west. The focus of the scientific studies is
mainly on the asanas and pranayama. The effect of different pranayamas on healthy
(Subbalakshmi et al. 2005) and diseased people (Cooper et al. 2003, Dhungel et al. 2008,
Ravindra et al. 2006) has been well studied and they are known to affect the cardiopulmonary
activities and autonomic functions. When completed through the left nostril alone the practice
is called “Chandra Anuloma Viloma Pranayam" which means a heat dissipating or cooling
liberating practice. (Backon, 1988, Bhargava, 1988, Stoksted, 1952, Keuning, 1968). Recent
studies have reported differential physiological and psychological effects produced by
exclusive right and left nostril breathing. (Shannahoff-Khalsa et al, 1993, Mohan, 1996,
Raghuraj & Telles 2008, Telles et al, 1994). Breath is a dynamic bridge between the body
and mind (Bjlani, 2004). Breathing is not only an instinctive reflex to satisfy the need of the
body for oxygen but it has been considered that consciously controlled breathing can be used
as a technique for enhancing mental and physical powers (Gharote, 2003). Breathing
exercises for three weeks are reported to influence cardiorespiratory and autonomic functions.
(Madanmohan et al, 2005) Raja yoga meditation has shown to reduce the resting respiratory
rate, increase tidal volume and minute volume (Vyas & Dikshit, 2002). There is currently
lack of an adequate meta-analysis in relation to Chandra nadi pranayama to assess its efficacy
with respect to respiratory parameters and as a result the present study was conducted to find
out therapeutic effects of Chandra nadi pranayama on respiratory parameters.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Subjects
Thirty Two, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26 years (Mean ± SD: age 21.17 ± 1.53
yrs, height 5.42 ± 0.15 ft, body mass 61.16 ± 3.10 kg) volunteered to participate in the study.
The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups:
I. Group-A: Experimental (n1=16)
II. Group-B: Control (n2=16)
All the subjects were informed about the objective and protocol of the study. Distribution and
demographics of subjects are brought forth in table-1.
Table 1. Distribution and Demographics of Subjects
Sample Size (N=32)
Variables Total
(N=32) Experimental group
(n1=16) Control Group
(n2=16)
Age 21.17±1.53 21.27±1.33 23.07±1.16
Body Height 5.42±0.15 5.40±0.16 5.44±0.14
Body Mass 61.16±3.10 60.48±2.37 61.84±3.66
METHODOLOGY
This study is designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The subjects from Group-A:
Experimental were subjected to a 4-week training of chandra-nadi pranayama. This lasted 4
weeks and consisted of daily sessions. The following respiratory parameters were measured 3
times with the use of a wet spirometer, the respective average values being used in the
analysis:
1. Tidal volume (VT) - The subject was asked to inhale a normal breath and then to
place the mouthpiece of the spirometer between the lips and exhale normally into
the spirometer.
2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - After exhaling normally and placing the
mouthpiece between the lips, the subject exhaled forcefully all the additional air
possible.
3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) – After inhaling normally and placing the
mouthpiece between the lips, the subject inhaled forcefully all the additional air
possible.
4. Vital Capacity (VC) – Following a maximum inspiration, all the air possible was
forcibly exhaled through the mouthpiece. The vital capacity is the sum of the three
primary volumes that can be directly exchanged with the atmosphere (VC=IRV +
VT + ERV).
5. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - After exhaling normally, breathes in as deeply as
possible, place the mouthpiece and exhale normally. The inspiratory capacity is the
sum of the inspiratory reserve volume and the tidal volume (IC=IRV + VT).
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Figure 1. Subjects Performing Tidal volume (VT)
Figure 2. Subjects Performing Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Figure 3. Subjects Performing Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Figure 4. Subjects Performing Vital capacity (VC)
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Figure 5. Subjects Performing Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Figure 6. Study Design
Table 2. Experimental Treatment
4-Weeks Chandra-Nadi Pranayama Training
Weeks Schedule Time Duration
1st
Week
Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minutes
20 Minutes Practice of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama
(9 Rounds X 1 Set) 10 Minutes
Relaxation Posture 5 Minutes
2nd
Week
Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minutes
25 Minutes Practice of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama
(9 Rounds X 2 Set) 15 Minutes
Relaxation Posture 5 Minutes
3rd
Week
Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minutes
30 Minutes Practice of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama
(9 Rounds X 3 Set) 20 Minutes
Relaxation Posture 5 Minutes
4th
Week
Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minutes
35 Minutes Practice of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama
(9 Rounds X 4 Set) 25 Minutes
Relaxation Posture 5 Minutes
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Figure 7. Subjects Performing Chandra-Nadi Pranayama
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for
Windows version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Data is expressed as the mean ±
SD. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and
the post-test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
RESULTS
The results of Respiratory Parameters (i.e., Tidal Volume (VT), Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Vital Capacity (VC) and Inspiratory Capacity
(IC) of University Level Girls are brought forth in table 3-7.
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Tidal Volume (VT)
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Tidal
Volume (VT) of University Level Girls
Tidal Volume (VT)
Group Number Mean Standard
Deviation Standard Error
of the Mean t-value p-value
Experiment (Pre-test) 16 354.38 11.06 2.77 5.3308* 0.0001
Experimental (Post-test) 16 362.25 13.16 3.29
Control (Pre-test) 16 343.38 10.59 2.65 0.1002 0.9215
Control (Post-test) 16 343.25 10.88 2.72
The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of
experimental group was 354.38 ± 11.06 and 362.25 ± 13.16 respectively. However, the Mean
and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of control
group were 343.38 ± 10.59 and 343.25 ± 10.88. The t-value in case of experimental group
was 5.3308* and for control group it was 0.1002.
Significant between-group differences were noted in Tidal Volume (VT) since the calculated
value of (t=5.3308*) is greater than tabulated value of t .05 (15) = 2.13 for the selected degree
of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 8. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Tidal
Volume (VT) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level
Girls.
362.25
13.16 3.29
35
4.3
8
11
.06
2.7
7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Mean SD SEM
Experimental
(Post-test)
Experimental
(Pre-test)
343.25
10.88 2.72
343.3
8
10.5
9
2.6
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Mean SD SEM
Control (Post-
test)
Control (Pre-
test)
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Table 4. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of University Level Girls
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Group Number Mean Standard
Deviation Standard Error
of the Mean t-value p-value
Experiment (Pre-test) 16 725.69 15.11 3.78 1.3744 0.1895
Experimental (Post-test) 16 727.63 13.58 3.39
Control (Pre-test) 16 726.94 10.21 2.55 0.3768 0.7116
Control (Post-test) 16 727.31 12.31 3.08
The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of pre-test
and post-test of experimental group was 725.69 ± 15.11 and 727.63 ± 13.58 respectively.
However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of
pre-test and post-test of control group were 726.94 ± 10.21 and 727.31 ± 12.31. The t-value
in case of experimental group was 1.3744 and for control group it was 0.3768.
Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
since the calculated value of (t= 1.3744) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the
selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 9. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post)
group of University Level Girls
727.63
13.58 3.39
72
5.6
9
15
.11
3.7
8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mean SD SEM
Experimental
(Post-test)
Experimental
(Pre-test)
727.31
12.31 3.08
72
6.9
4
10.2
1
2.5
5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mean SD SEM
Control (Post-
test)
Control (Pre-
test)
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Table 5. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of University Level Girls
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Group Number Mean Standard
Deviation Standard Error
of the Mean t-
value p-value
Experiment (Pre-test) 16 2267.56 72.73 18.18
1.3456 0.1984 Experimental (Post-
test) 16 2270.38 76.60 19.15
Control (Pre-test) 16 2202.00 89.18 22.30 1.4915 0.1566
Control (Post-test) 16 2203.81 90.60 22.65
The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of pre-test
and post-test of experimental group was 2267.56 ± 72.73 and 2270.38 ± 76.60 respectively.
However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of
pre-test and post-test of control group were 2202.00 ± 89.18 and 2203.81 ± 90.60. The t-
value in case of experimental group was 1.3456 and for control group it was 1.4915.
Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
since the calculated value of (t=1.3456) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the
selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 10. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post)
group of University Level Girls
2270.38
76.6 19.15
22
67
.56
72
.73
18
.18
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Mean SD SEM
Experimental
(Post-test)
Experimental
(Pre-test)
2203.81
90.6 22.65
22
02
89
.18
22
.3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Mean SD SEM
Control (Post-
test)
Control (Pre-
test)
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Vital Capacity (VC)
Table 6. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Vital
Capacity (VC) of University Level Girls
Vital Capacity (VC)
Group Number Mean Standard
Deviation
Standard Error
of the Mean
t-
value p-value
Experiment (Pre-test) 16 3347.63 78.34 19.59 1.7590 0.0989
Experimental (Post-test) 16 3379.00 84.03 21.01
Control (Pre-test) 16 3272.38 85.48 21.37 0.8105 0.4303
Control (Post-test) 16 3274.50 87.83 21.96
The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of
experimental group was 3347.63 ± 78.34 and 3379.00 ± 84.03 respectively. However, the
Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of
control group were 3372.38 ± 85.48 and 3274.50 ± 87.83. The t-value in case of experimental
group was 1.7590 and for control group it was 0.8105.
Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) since the
calculated value of (t=1.7590) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the selected
degree of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 11. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of
Vital Capacity (VC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of
University Level Girls.
3379
84.03 21.01
33
47
.63
78
.34
19
.59
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Mean SD SEM
Experimental
(Post-test)
Experimental
(Pre-test)
3274.5
87.83 21.96
32
72
.38
85.4
8
21.3
7
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Mean SD SEM
Control (Post-
test)
Control (Pre-
test)
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Table 7. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of University Level Girls
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Group Number Mean Standard
Deviation
Standard Error
of the Mean t-value p-value
Experiment (Pre-test) 16 3702.00 79.91 19.98
2.1487* 0.0484 Experimental (Post-
test) 16 3739.88 89.94 22.48
Control (Pre-test) 16 3615.75 85.32 21.33 0.5571 0.5856
Control (Post-test) 16 3617.81 88.27 22.07
The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-
test of experimental group was 3702.00 ± 79.91 and 3739.88 ± 89.94 respectively. However,
the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-test
of control group were 3615.75 ± 85.32 and 3617.81 ± 88.27. The t-value in case of
experimental group was 2.1487* and for control group it was 0.5571.
Significant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Capacity (IC) since the
calculated value of (t=2.1487*) is greater than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the
selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 12. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of
University Level Girls
3739.88
89.94 22.48
37
02
79
.91
19
.98
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Mean SD SEM
Experimental
(Post-test)
Experimental
(Pre-test)
3617.81
88.27 22.07
36
15
.75
85
.32
21
.33
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Mean SD SEM
Control (Post-
test)
Control (Pre-
test)
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CONCLUSION
In summary, the present work manifests an overriding endeavor to explore effects of chandra-
nadi pranayama on Respiratory Parameters of university level girls. Significant differences
were found in Tidal Volume (VT) and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) in the experimental group
subjected to 4-week training of chandra-nadi pranayama and insignificant between-group
differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(IRV) and Vital Capacity (VC) of University Level Girls. However, no significant changes
over that 4-week period were noted in the control group.
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