An Empirical Investigation of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama …1)/AJSSH2015...lack of an adequate...

Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Vol. 4(1) February 2015 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ISSN: 2186-8492, ISSN: 2186-8484 Print

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An Empirical Investigation of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama on

Respiratory Parameters

Baljinder Singh Bal

Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University,

Amritsar, INDIA.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine the effects of chandra nadi pranayama on respiratory

parameters. To investigate this 32, university level girls of Department of Physical

Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26

years (Mean ± SD: age 21.17 ± 1.53 yrs, height 5.42 ± 0.15 ft, body mass 61.16 ±

3.10 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects from experimental

group were subjected to a 4-week training of chandra-nadi pranayama. Student t test

for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test.

Significant differences were found in Tidal Volume (VT) and Inspiratory Capacity

(IC) whereas, no significant differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume

(ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Vital Capacity (VC) in the

experimental group. The result further indicates that no significant changes over that

4- week period were noted in the control group.

Keywords: Chandra-Nadi Pranayama, Tidal Volume, Expiratory Reserve

Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Vital Capacity, Inspiratory Capacity.

INTRODUCTION

Patanjali, the foremost exponent of Yoga, described pranayama as the gradual, unforced

cessation of breathing (Bhaduri, 2000).Yoga is a conventional long-established and time-

tested art and therapeutic science that has positive contribution to make in maintenance of

general wellbeing and happiness. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in

scientific research on yoga in the east and in the west. The focus of the scientific studies is

mainly on the asanas and pranayama. The effect of different pranayamas on healthy

(Subbalakshmi et al. 2005) and diseased people (Cooper et al. 2003, Dhungel et al. 2008,

Ravindra et al. 2006) has been well studied and they are known to affect the cardiopulmonary

activities and autonomic functions. When completed through the left nostril alone the practice

is called “Chandra Anuloma Viloma Pranayam" which means a heat dissipating or cooling

liberating practice. (Backon, 1988, Bhargava, 1988, Stoksted, 1952, Keuning, 1968). Recent

studies have reported differential physiological and psychological effects produced by

exclusive right and left nostril breathing. (Shannahoff-Khalsa et al, 1993, Mohan, 1996,

Raghuraj & Telles 2008, Telles et al, 1994). Breath is a dynamic bridge between the body

and mind (Bjlani, 2004). Breathing is not only an instinctive reflex to satisfy the need of the

body for oxygen but it has been considered that consciously controlled breathing can be used

as a technique for enhancing mental and physical powers (Gharote, 2003). Breathing

exercises for three weeks are reported to influence cardiorespiratory and autonomic functions.

(Madanmohan et al, 2005) Raja yoga meditation has shown to reduce the resting respiratory

rate, increase tidal volume and minute volume (Vyas & Dikshit, 2002). There is currently

lack of an adequate meta-analysis in relation to Chandra nadi pranayama to assess its efficacy

with respect to respiratory parameters and as a result the present study was conducted to find

out therapeutic effects of Chandra nadi pranayama on respiratory parameters.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Subjects

Thirty Two, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev

University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26 years (Mean ± SD: age 21.17 ± 1.53

yrs, height 5.42 ± 0.15 ft, body mass 61.16 ± 3.10 kg) volunteered to participate in the study.

The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups:

I. Group-A: Experimental (n1=16)

II. Group-B: Control (n2=16)

All the subjects were informed about the objective and protocol of the study. Distribution and

demographics of subjects are brought forth in table-1.

Table 1. Distribution and Demographics of Subjects

Sample Size (N=32)

Variables Total

(N=32) Experimental group

(n1=16) Control Group

(n2=16)

Age 21.17±1.53 21.27±1.33 23.07±1.16

Body Height 5.42±0.15 5.40±0.16 5.44±0.14

Body Mass 61.16±3.10 60.48±2.37 61.84±3.66

METHODOLOGY

This study is designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The subjects from Group-A:

Experimental were subjected to a 4-week training of chandra-nadi pranayama. This lasted 4

weeks and consisted of daily sessions. The following respiratory parameters were measured 3

times with the use of a wet spirometer, the respective average values being used in the

analysis:

1. Tidal volume (VT) - The subject was asked to inhale a normal breath and then to

place the mouthpiece of the spirometer between the lips and exhale normally into

the spirometer.

2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - After exhaling normally and placing the

mouthpiece between the lips, the subject exhaled forcefully all the additional air

possible.

3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) – After inhaling normally and placing the

mouthpiece between the lips, the subject inhaled forcefully all the additional air

possible.

4. Vital Capacity (VC) – Following a maximum inspiration, all the air possible was

forcibly exhaled through the mouthpiece. The vital capacity is the sum of the three

primary volumes that can be directly exchanged with the atmosphere (VC=IRV +

VT + ERV).

5. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - After exhaling normally, breathes in as deeply as

possible, place the mouthpiece and exhale normally. The inspiratory capacity is the

sum of the inspiratory reserve volume and the tidal volume (IC=IRV + VT).





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Figure 1. Subjects Performing Tidal volume (VT)

Figure 2. Subjects Performing Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Figure 3. Subjects Performing Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Figure 4. Subjects Performing Vital capacity (VC)



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Figure 5. Subjects Performing Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Figure 6. Study Design

Table 2. Experimental Treatment

4-Weeks Chandra-Nadi Pranayama Training

Weeks Schedule Time Duration

1st

Week

Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minutes

20 Minutes Practice of Chandra-Nadi Pranayama

(9 Rounds X 1 Set) 10 Minutes

Relaxation Posture 5 Minutes

2nd

Week





3rd

Week





4th

Week









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Figure 7. Subjects Performing Chandra-Nadi Pranayama

STATISTICAL ANALYSES

Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for

Windows version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Data is expressed as the mean ±

SD. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and

the post-test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

RESULTS

The results of Respiratory Parameters (i.e., Tidal Volume (VT), Expiratory Reserve Volume

(ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Vital Capacity (VC) and Inspiratory Capacity

(IC) of University Level Girls are brought forth in table 3-7.



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Tidal Volume (VT)

Table 3. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Tidal

Volume (VT) of University Level Girls

Tidal Volume (VT)

Group Number Mean Standard

Deviation Standard Error

of the Mean t-value p-value

Experiment (Pre-test) 16 354.38 11.06 2.77 5.3308* 0.0001

Experimental (Post-test) 16 362.25 13.16 3.29

Control (Pre-test) 16 343.38 10.59 2.65 0.1002 0.9215

Control (Post-test) 16 343.25 10.88 2.72

The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of

experimental group was 354.38 ± 11.06 and 362.25 ± 13.16 respectively. However, the Mean

and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of control

group were 343.38 ± 10.59 and 343.25 ± 10.88. The t-value in case of experimental group

was 5.3308* and for control group it was 0.1002.

Significant between-group differences were noted in Tidal Volume (VT) since the calculated

value of (t=5.3308*) is greater than tabulated value of t .05 (15) = 2.13 for the selected degree

of freedom and level of significance.

Figure 8. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Tidal

Volume (VT) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level

Girls.

362.25

13.16 3.29

35

4.3

8

11

.06

2.7

7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Mean SD SEM

Experimental

(Post-test)

Experimental

(Pre-test)

343.25

10.88 2.72

343.3

8

10.5

9

2.6

5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Mean SD SEM

Control (Post-

test)

Control (Pre-

test)





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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Table 4. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of University Level Girls

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)




Experiment (Pre-test) 16 725.69 15.11 3.78 1.3744 0.1895


Control (Pre-test) 16 726.94 10.21 2.55 0.3768 0.7116


The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of pre-test

and post-test of experimental group was 725.69 ± 15.11 and 727.63 ± 13.58 respectively.

However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of

pre-test and post-test of control group were 726.94 ± 10.21 and 727.31 ± 12.31. The t-value

in case of experimental group was 1.3744 and for control group it was 0.3768.

Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

since the calculated value of (t= 1.3744) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the

selected degree of freedom and level of significance.

Figure 9. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post)

group of University Level Girls

727.63

13.58 3.39

72

5.6

9

15

.11

3.7

8

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Mean SD SEM

Experimental

(Post-test)

Experimental

(Pre-test)

727.31

12.31 3.08

72

6.9

4

10.2

1

2.5

5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Mean SD SEM

Control (Post-

test)

Control (Pre-

test)



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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)


Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of University Level Girls

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)



of the Mean t-

value p-value

Experiment (Pre-test) 16 2267.56 72.73 18.18

1.3456 0.1984 Experimental (Post-

test) 16 2270.38 76.60 19.15

Control (Pre-test) 16 2202.00 89.18 22.30 1.4915 0.1566


The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of pre-test

and post-test of experimental group was 2267.56 ± 72.73 and 2270.38 ± 76.60 respectively.

However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of

pre-test and post-test of control group were 2202.00 ± 89.18 and 2203.81 ± 90.60. The t-

value in case of experimental group was 1.3456 and for control group it was 1.4915.

Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

since the calculated value of (t=1.3456) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the



Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post)

group of University Level Girls

2270.38

76.6 19.15

22

67

.56

72

.73

18

.18

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Mean SD SEM

Experimental

(Post-test)

Experimental

(Pre-test)

2203.81

90.6 22.65

22

02

89

.18

22

.3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Mean SD SEM

Control (Post-

test)

Control (Pre-

test)





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Vital Capacity (VC)

Table 6. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Vital

Capacity (VC) of University Level Girls

Vital Capacity (VC)


Deviation

Standard Error

of the Mean

t-

value p-value

Experiment (Pre-test) 16 3347.63 78.34 19.59 1.7590 0.0989


Control (Pre-test) 16 3272.38 85.48 21.37 0.8105 0.4303


The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of

experimental group was 3347.63 ± 78.34 and 3379.00 ± 84.03 respectively. However, the

Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of

control group were 3372.38 ± 85.48 and 3274.50 ± 87.83. The t-value in case of experimental

group was 1.7590 and for control group it was 0.8105.

Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) since the

calculated value of (t=1.7590) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the selected

degree of freedom and level of significance.


Vital Capacity (VC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of

University Level Girls.

3379

84.03 21.01

33

47

.63

78

.34

19

.59

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Mean SD SEM

Experimental

(Post-test)

Experimental

(Pre-test)

3274.5

87.83 21.96

32

72

.38

85.4

8

21.3

7

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Mean SD SEM

Control (Post-

test)

Control (Pre-

test)



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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)


Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of University Level Girls

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)


Deviation

Standard Error


Experiment (Pre-test) 16 3702.00 79.91 19.98

2.1487* 0.0484 Experimental (Post-

test) 16 3739.88 89.94 22.48

Control (Pre-test) 16 3615.75 85.32 21.33 0.5571 0.5856


The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-

test of experimental group was 3702.00 ± 79.91 and 3739.88 ± 89.94 respectively. However,

the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-test

of control group were 3615.75 ± 85.32 and 3617.81 ± 88.27. The t-value in case of

experimental group was 2.1487* and for control group it was 0.5571.

Significant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Capacity (IC) since the

calculated value of (t=2.1487*) is greater than tabulated value of t.05 (15) = 2.13 for the



Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of

University Level Girls

3739.88

89.94 22.48

37

02

79

.91

19

.98

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Mean SD SEM

Experimental

(Post-test)

Experimental

(Pre-test)

3617.81

88.27 22.07

36

15

.75

85

.32

21

.33

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Mean SD SEM

Control (Post-

test)

Control (Pre-

test)





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CONCLUSION

In summary, the present work manifests an overriding endeavor to explore effects of chandra-

nadi pranayama on Respiratory Parameters of university level girls. Significant differences

were found in Tidal Volume (VT) and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) in the experimental group

subjected to 4-week training of chandra-nadi pranayama and insignificant between-group

differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume

(IRV) and Vital Capacity (VC) of University Level Girls. However, no significant changes

over that 4-week period were noted in the control group.



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