Albinism

Genetic EngineeringAltering the DNA of a cell or organism

G.E. Techniques

DNA ExtractionHow do you get DNA out of a cell to

work with?

Cells cut open with enzymesDNA filtered out

Multiplying DNA

PCR = process for multiplying DNADNA + Enzymes + Nucleotides

mixed in test tubePlaced in “PCR machine” to regulate

temp.

PCR

PCR

Kary Mullis –Invented PCR Won Nobel Prize in 1993

Cutting DNA

DNA molecules too large to work with

Can be cut up using Restriction Enzymes -They cut DNA at specific nucleotide

sequences

Restriction Enzymes

DNA AnalysisGel electrophoresis – separates DNA

fragments for analysis

Gel Electrophoresis

Think jell-o

Gel Electrophoresis

Gel is sponge-like

DNA neg. charged

Gel ElectrophoresisDNA has a (-) charge, moves to (+) end

of gel

Small pieces move in gel farther than large

DNA separated by size and charge

*Bands on gel are DNA-

+

Ethidium bromide

Genetic Engineering Uses

Gel Elec. and Paternity Testing

If people related, DNA is similar

REs will cut a similar pattern, can be analyzed on gel

CloningIan Wilmut - cloned Dolly the sheepNucleus from 1 sheep put into egg of

anotherEmbryo inserted into foster mother to

develop

PlasmidsPlasmids – circular DNA molecule, found

in bacteria

PlasmidsPlasmid cut open with REs Gene of interest inserted into plasmid

• Recombinant DNA – DNA from 2 organisms combined

PlasmidsNext, plasmid placed into bacteria cellProtein synthesis of gene carried out

What could be a use of this technique?

Ex. Diabetes

Diabetes

Diabetics unable to produce insulin

Insulin gene inserted into plasmid and bacteria produce it for them

Firefly Luciferase