Post on 20-Mar-2017
The early history of Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2ºC
The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
By the early 8th century, muslimsexpanded on theArabian Peninsula, and controlled most of North Africa. In 711 they crossed theIberian Peninsula.
Muslims conquestof the Iberian
Peninsula was a continuation of
Islamic expansionacross the
Mediterraneanregion.
It was also madepossible by a civil war
between rival groups of the Visigoth nobility. In
711, one factionrequested help from
Musa, a Muslim ruler in North Africa.
The Muslim defeatedthe Visigoth king
Roderic in the Battleof Guadalete.
However the Muslimruler Musa and his
leading general Tariqdid not hand power
over to their Visigothallies.
In just a few yearsthey occupied
nearly all of theIberian Peninsula
Muslims neverconquered themountainousregions of theNorth-West.
Muslims called the new territory Al-Andalus, and made Córdoba its capital. The emirate of Al-Andalus was dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus
In the mid 8th Century, most members of the
ruling Umayyad family in Damascus were killed
when the new Abbasiddynasty took power.
The emirs of Córdoba established a state onthe Iberian peninsula,
bur local leaders still heldconsiderable power.
Abd al-Rahmanfounded the Emirateof Córdoba in 756.
The emir of Córdoba was independent, but
he accepted thereligious supremacy of
the caliphate.
Ummayad prince calledAbd al-Rahman escaped
to the Iberianpeninsula.
The indepent emirate of Córdoba (756-926)
https://youtu.be/q7-gGNvnBuw
VIDEO!
exercises1
3
2
Describe the invasion routes taken by the muslims.
Which parts of the Iberian peninsula were not conquered by the muslims?
Why do you think the muslims chose Córdoba as their capital?
The fragmention of Al-Andalus.
THE TAIFA STATES (1031-1086)
INTRODUCTIONAfter the collapse of the Caliphateof Córdoba in 1031, there wassignificant ethnic and politicaldivision in Andalusi society. Al-Andalus split into smallindependent Muslim states calledtaifas.
CHARACTERISTICS·The larger states, like Seville andToledo fought with each other, totake control of the smaller taifas.
·The Christian kingdoms in the northtook advantage of the lack of unityof Al-Andalus. They attacked thetaifas and forced their rulers to payparias, or tribute.
The Christian kingdoms where a growing threat tothe taifas, especially after they took Toledo in 1085.The following year the Muslims called for help fromthe Almoravids, who had established a Berberempire in northern Africa.
TAIFA KINGDOM
CALIPHATE OF CÓRDOBA
THE ALMORAVIDS AND THE ALMOHADS (1086-1212)
Twice, Al-Andalus recieved military assistance from Berber Muslim empires in North Africa, where a much stricter version of Islam was practised.
·The Almoravids crossed over to theIberian Peninsula in 1086. Request ofMuslim rulers took over most of thetaifa states. Won some victories, didnot mantain the domination of Al-Andalus for very long, and itfragmented once again into manysmall taifa states in the 1140s.
·The Almohads were the successors of the Almoravids in North Africa, and crossed over in 1147. They, too, conquered the taifa states as well as resisting the Christian kingdoms.Despite Almohad resistance, the christian kingdom continiued to expand in the 12th and 13th centuries.
In early 13th century, the Christians created a large army,. They achieved a greatvictory over the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212).
BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA
The army formed by the Castilian, Aragonese, Navarras and Portuguese troopsfought against the army of the caliph almohade Muhammad an-Nasir. On Monday,July 16 of 1212 they attacked the Almohad forces in the location of Saint Elena.The Christian coalition formed by 70,000 soldiers, led by Castile, defeated the120,000 Muslims of the Almohad empire.With this historical victory of the Christian alliance had begun the slope of theMuslim dominion of Spain.The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, was undoubtedly the most important battle ofthe Reconquest.
ACTIVITIES
PAGE 83 ACT 5·Explain the following terms:TAIFAS: Small independent Muslim states.PARIAS: Taxes that the Muslim kings of Spain paid to Christian kings in the Middle Ages.
PAGE 83 ACT 6·Who fought in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa? Who won? Whatwere its consequences?The Castilian, Aragonese, Navarrasand Portuguese troops against the army of the caliph almohadeMuhammad an-Nasir. The Christian coalition won the battle. The immediate consequences of this battle were limited, and did not suppose the aim of the AlmohadEmpire. The Christians kingdoms conquered all of the Iberian Peninsula by the mid-13th century, except for Granada.
VIDEO:http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=videos+of+the+battle+de+las+navas+de+&&view=detail&mid=345012658BB5CB70517C345012658
BB5CB70517C&FORM=VRDGAR
Religion:Christians & Jews
were allowed to practise their religion as long as they paid taxes:• The Mozarabs were
people that didn’tconvert to Islam.
• The Muladis werechristians whoconverted to Islam and adopted their customs.
• The Jews weremerchants,artisans and scholars.
They lived in JewishQuarters
The Arabsheld political power. They came from the Middle East.
The Berbers came from north Africa, helped to conquer the Iberian Peninsula. They recivedless land and wealth than the Arabs. They rebelled against the authority
Population:
Vocabulary:Muladis
CaliphateArchitecture:
Horseshoearches
Mosques and palaces
Mosque of Córdoba
Palace of Medina Azahara
Taifa Architcture:
Triobulatedarches
Fortresses & palaces
Castle of Málaga
Aljafería palace
AlmohadArchitecture:
Plane buildings Mosques and
fortressesTower of Gold(Part of a fortress)
The Giralda (Minaret of a mosque)
Nasrid Architecture:
A lot of decoration Walls covered in
plasterwork & ceramics Palaces
Generalifepalace
Alhambra palace
The emergence of the Christian kingdoms
By: Sergio Román, Paula Martínez and
Alicia Ruiz
During the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries
the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile were
closely linked to each other.
They expanded when they conquered new territories, but they were also divided as
the result of royal inheritance
They were sometimes ruled by the same
monarch and sometimes formed
separated Kingdoms
INTRODUCTION
Leon was an important ChristianKingdom. Fernan González was avassal of the king of Leon but alsohas authority over Castilla.
LEON
Castile was a sparsely populated groupof counties in the east of the kingdom.It was near the frontier with Al-Andalusso it was a zone of conflict wherenumerous castles were built.
CASTILE
Fernando III
He was the king of Castile in1217 and the king of Leon in1230 as well as the king ofGalicia in 1231. He was theson of Alfonso IX of Leonand Berenguela of Castile.
He inherited the Kingdom ofCastile and the Kingdom ofLeon and he united bothkingdoms into the Crown ofCastile
ACTIVITIES
3) Explain the difference between the kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Castile and say when it happened.The kingdom of Castile was inherited by Fernando III and the Crown of Castile was when the kingdom of Castile and Leon were defectively united. It happened in 1230. 4) Which event marks the beginning of the kingdom of Asturias?The battle of Covadonga in 722.
THE KINGDOM OF NAVARRE AND
THE KINGDOM OF ARAGÓN TO
THE CROWN OF ARAGÓN
By: GONZALO, LORENA AND IVÁN
INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Navarre:
From the 10 th century, Navarrewas ruled by the Jimena dynasty. Under Sancho III, the Kingdom of Navarre briefly became the largestChristian power of the Peninsula.Sancho III acquired the counties of Aragón, Castile and part of León. After Sancho´s death in 1035 thekingdom was divided among hissons
STAGES AND PERIODS:
- His oldest son, García Sánchez,inherited Navarre.
- Fernando I inherited Castile, which became an independent Kingdom.
- Ramiro I inherited Aragón.- Gonzalo inherited the counties of
Sobrabe and Ribagorza.
The last king of the Jimena dynasty was Sancho VII the Strong, who died without descendants in 1234. In 1512, Navarre was conquered by Fernando the Catholic.
INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Aragón to the crown of Aragón:
In the 10th century, the County of Aragón became part of the Kingdom of Navarre. When Sancho III of Navarre died in 1035, his son Ramiro became Ramiro I (1035-1063), the first King of Aragón. In 1076, Ramiro´s son, Sancho Ramírez, reunited the kingdoms of Aragón and Navarre. In the 12th century, the Kingdomof Aragón increased its territoryconsiderably.In 1137, Ramón Berenguer IV, becameenganged to marry Petronilla of Aragón, who was just a year old. This unitedAragón and the Catalan counties, and led to the creation of the Crown of Aragón.
STAGES AND PERIODS:
- 10th century: Aragón became partof Navarre.
-1035: Ramiro I became the firstking of Aragón.
-1076: Sancho Ramírez reunitedAragón and Navarre.
-1137:Ramón Berenguer marriedthe one-year old Petronilla of Aragón, and the Catalan countiesand Aragón were unified creatingthe crown of Aragon
CHARACTER
SANCHO III
https://wwwyoutube.com/watch?v=j2JlRtgEJs8.
ACTIVITIES
-What do the striped areas on the timeline indicate?
What happened to the kingdoms of Navarre and Aragón when Sancho III died?
THE RECONQUEST
• The Duero. In the 9th and 10th
centuries, Asturias and then León advanced towards the Duero river
valley. The Muslims had always preferred the Mediterranean
landscape and climate, and never settled in the north-west in large
numbers.
1st stage of the Reconquest
2nd stage of the Reconquest
•The Tajo and the Ebro. The break-up of the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031 was followed by rapid Christian advances because taifas could not offer united
resistances. The Muslims rulers made tribute payments (or parias) to reduce Chistian attacks. But the Christian kings used the gold that they received to build castles
and form strong armies. In the 11th and 12th centuries :
• Castile and León advanced beyond the Central System and into the Tajo
river valley.• The Crown of Aragón advanced into
the Ebro river valley, and conquered Zaragoza.
3rd stage of the Reconquest
• 13th century advanceds. The Christian kingdoms united their forces
and won a great victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Las Navas
de Tolosa in 1212. The fall of Al-Andalus began. In this period:
• Potugal conquered the Algarve.
• Castile conquered Andalusia and Murcia.• The Crown of Aragón
conquered Valencia and the Balearic
Islands.
ACTIVITIESPage 100 ex 1 and
2.
VIDEOhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=pmtzmqLOAVA
SETTLEMENT IN THE CONQUERED TERRITORIES
REPOPULATION DATE: 9th and 10th PLACE: River Duero
and part of the Ebro valley
CHARACTERISTICS: In order to attract settles, the kings
granted them privileges and
charters. PEOPLE: Free
peasants
LAND DISTRIBUTION
PLACE: Catalonia CHARACTERISTICS: Land was given to
nobles in return for their role in the
Reconquest. They created large
estates. PEOPLE: Muslims
MILITARY ORDERS PLACE: Castile
CHARACTERISTICS: The Christian kings gave the
military orders of warrior – monks the
responsability for conquering and
defending territories. PEOPLE: Military orders (Alcantára, Calartrava, Santiago and Montesa
ACTIVITIES
Page. 101 exercise. 4
As the king advanced southwards, Christian population settled in the new territories
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzGYqAXqess