Agrarian and

Industrial Revolution

Agrarian RevolutionEnclosure System

The process of taking over and fencing offland formerly shared by peasant farmers.

Agrarian Revolution

Holmwoodhistory.com

Agrarian Revolution

Agrarian RevolutionSo, Why enclosure?

It increased profits especially for sheep tograze, which would result in greater woolproduction. Larger fields would be cultivatedmore efficiently.

Agrarian RevolutionConsequences of enclosure

--Farm laborers were out of work

--Small farmers were forced off their land

because they couldn’t compete.

--Villages shrank and people moved to cities

Agrarian RevolutionFarming Methods

Aside from enclosure other farming methods were changing as well. Some important

ones follow on the next slides.

Agrarian Revolution

Charles Townshenddeveloped a system ofcrop rotation. He wasknown as Turnip Townshend

Agrarian RevolutionOld System

FallowPlantedPlanted

Fallow Planted Planted

Agrarian RevolutionNew System

Turnipsand CloverPlanted Planted

Turnips were used for animal feed during the winter and they returned nutrients to the soil

Agrarian RevolutionJethro Tull

Invented the seed drill in1701 which was horsedrawn and planted seedsin uniformed rows.

Wikipedia.org

Agrarian RevolutionSeed Drill

Agrarian RevolutionSeed Drill

Agrarian Revolution

Cyrus McCormickInvented the reaper inthe mid 1800s. It cut thestalks of wheat andseparated the seedsfrom the heads.

Nndb.com

Agrarian RevolutionReaper

Antiquefarming.com

Industrial Revolution

Europe moved from a primarily agriculturaland rural economy to a capitalist and urbaneconomy from a household, family basedeconomy to an industrial-basedeconomy.

Industrial RevolutionWhy does it happen in Europe?

Globalization of the European Economy

Industrial Revolution

Increase of the European Population

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Increase of Food Production

Industrial Revolution

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AT-ToV5heso

Industrial RevolutionFlying Shuttle

Industrial RevolutionFlying Shuttle

Industrial RevolutionSpinning Jenny

Dipity.com

Industrial RevolutionPower Loom

Cleo.net.uk

Industrial RevolutionCotton Gin

Eliwhitney.org

Industrial RevolutionCotton Gin

Etc.usf.edu

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolutionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbAOseDs3KY

Industrial RevolutionThe Factory System

Before

Cottage System—home based manufacturing

Tools were made by hand not standardized.

After

Weaving looms were too large to place in homes,

factories started.

Interchangeable parts in 1800 by Eli Whitney

Mass production, each worker made only one part.

Industrial RevolutionConsequences of industrialization

Who worked in the factory system?

Men, women and children

Industrial RevolutionTeacherlink.org

Industrial RevolutionWhen were factories open?

Daylight hours, sun up to sun down Six days a week

Industrial RevolutionWhere did many workers live?

Outskirts of the towns and cities in slums with no internal plumbing or running water.

Industrial Revolution

Cottontimes.co.uk

Industrial RevolutionAdditional information about life during the

Industrial Revolution

http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/

Industrial RevolutionResponse and Reforms

Entrepreneurs/Aristocratic—conservative, they wanted to maintain their power structure and preserve their

rights.

Middle Class—liberals, freedom and equality should be expanded, laissez-faire

Socialists—people as a whole to own factories, farms and mines, the means of production. Government to serve the needs of the people not just the wealthy

Industrial RevolutionRobert Owen (1771-1858)

A socialist and a utopian, hetried to establish idealcommunities in which theresidents contributed to andshared in the economicsuccess

Robert-Owen.com

Industrial Revolution

The story of New Lanark begins with the RiverClyde. In 1784, an enterprising and far-sighted Scot,David Dale embarked on an ambitious plan tofound cotton mills powered by the natural energyof the powerful Falls of Clyde in Lanarkshire.

Industrial RevolutionAccording to Owen, education was the key toa happier society and universal harmony.

By 1816, Owen had opened the New Lanarkcommunity's Institute for the Formation ofCharacter, which served variously as a school,religious meeting place, dance hall andcommunity centre - another step, heconsidered, towards his dream of a classlesssociety.

Industrial RevolutionNew Lanark

Robert-Owen.com

Industrial RevolutionUnder Robert Owen’s management from 1800 to1825, the cotton mills and village of New Lanarkbecame a model community.New Lanark had the first Infant School in the world,a creche for working mothers, free medical care,and a comprehensive education system forchildren, including evening classes for adults.Children under 10 were not allowed to work in theMill.

Industrial RevolutionRobert-Owen.com

Industrial RevolutionOn his deathbed in 1858, he said: "I gaveImportant truths to the world, and it was only forwant of understanding that they were disregarded.I have been ahead of my time."

Industrial Revolution

Robert Owenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1nlAjJge_w

Industrial RevolutionFriedrich Engels(November 28, 1820 August5, 1895) was a Germanauthor, political theorist andphilosopher, most wellknown for his monumentalwork with Karl Marx TheCommunist Manifesto andDas Kapital. FriedrichEngels is therefore one ofthe major contributors to thefoundation of moderncommunism.

Guardian.co.uk

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Industrial RevolutionFriedrich Engels

By day, Engels was a diligent businessman,representing his father at the Victoria Mill of Ermenand Engels at Weaste, in Salford.

But by night he became a social investigator, prowlingthe mean, dangerous streets of Manchester's slumareas gathering material for what was to become hisclassic book, The Condition of the Working Class inEngland.

Industrial Revolution

The book The Condition of the Working ClassIn England was a damning indictment of socialattitudes of the 1830s and 40s, pointing up thehorrors of back-to-back housing, cellardwellings and poor sanitation.

Industrial Revolution

Chetham’s Library inManchester whereEngels and Marx toiled toproduce the CommunistManifesto

Cottontimes.co.uk

Industrial RevolutionKarl Marx (1818-1883)

Co-authored the pamphletThe Communist Manifestowith Friedrich Engels whichwas published in 1848 andasserted that all humanhistory had been based onclass struggles, but thatthese would ultimatelydisappear with the victoryof the proletariat.Graceuniversity.edu

Industrial RevolutionProletariat

Who were the proletariat?

They were the working class. They lived entirely from the sale of its labor and did not draw a profit

from any kind of capital.

The bourgeoisie were the business owners

Industrial RevolutionSo, what was the outcome of this work?

Marx and Engels proposed that there would be a revolution where the working class proletariat

would rise up and take over the means of production.

Industrial Revolution

Communist Smurfs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qra0hlO6hZk

Industrial RevolutionReform

Mines and Collieries Act 1842(Ashley Mines Commission)

It prohibited all females and boys under the age of ten from working underground in coal mines. It was a

response to the working conditions of children revealed in the Children Employment Commission

1842 report

Industrial RevolutionReform

Factory Act 1819

barred children under the age of nine from working in mills, and reduced to 12 the hours

that could be worked by children aged between nine and 16.

Industrial RevolutionPopulation Theory

Thomas Malthus—an Enlightenement economist

First Essay on Population (1798) His focus is on future improvements of society

Industrial RevolutionCore Principles

1. Food is necessary for human existence

Industrial Revolution

2. Human population grows faster than the power to produce food

Industrial Revolution

3. Population, when unchecked increase in a

geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio meaning it increases one number at a time.

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

4. Humans tend not to limit their population voluntarily. He believed in positive

checks, which raise death rates, war, famine and disease. Preventative checks were to lower birth rates.